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Constantinopolitan Creed those confessing belief in Jesus did not want simply to equate Jesus with
Fifth, are there other worlds? When I began in astrophysics, we knew about only seven planets.
mistakes. What wisdom disappeared in smoke when the great libraries, like the one in Alexandria, trusted. When he declared creation “good” and “very good” God knew, according to the priestly
All were in our solar system. Now, today, we know about millions of planets. Are not some of
were burned? God. Did not the earliest Christians affirm that Jesus was “crucified, dead and buried” and
scribes, that human destiny would be beatific.

them inhabited by beings somewhat like us? If UFO’s are real and represent life from elsewhere, represented God on earth. The highest Christology in the New Testament is in the Gospel of Saint

did any who composed the Bible or the pseudepigraphical and apocryphal books intimate such I have heard the tale of an old native American who, centuries ago, was leading his tribe from cold
John; and in this masterpiece, Jesus is celebrated with the asyndetic affirmation? Two nouns are
3. Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? Yes, that is characteristic of the
knowledge? What about Ezekiel’s ascent in a chariot that resembles a flying saucer? Is the biblical
major apocalypses. But we should also add that the apocalypses ultimately revealed the importance not separated but side by side: “the Logos Word became flesh”; subsequently, Jesus collapsed,
Montana to warm Texas, an ideal land in the south that is free of snow. He was stopped on the way
d c
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ording
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Constantinopolitan Creed those confessing belief in Jesus did not want simply to equate Jesus with
n he
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mistakes. What wisdom disappeared in smoke when the great libraries, like the one in Alexandria,
Fifth, are there other worlds? When I began in astrophysics, we knew about only seven planets.
ood
”
God
v
nd “
stl
and fragility of life on earth and enriched speculations and provided in-depth moral insights.
report possibly a garbled account of something else? Are we allowed to learn from areas too often exhausted and thirsty, by the well in Samaria and stood weeping outside Lazarus’s tomb. Jesus’
with this warning: “Sir, do you not know there are deadly snakes, deserts, and horrible heat where
sc
n de
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were burned?
All were in our solar system. Now, today, we know about millions of planets. Are not some of
fic
God. Did not the earliest Christians affirm that Jesus was “crucified, dead and buried” and
s, that hum
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considered fantastic? Is it not possible that weird accounts and apocalyptic visions may have early followers experienced him as a man who transcended human abilities; but, in my opinion, he

represented God on earth. The highest Christology in the New Testament is in the Gospel of Saint
them inhabited by beings somewhat like us? If UFO’s are real and represent life from elsewhere,

you are leading your people?” He replied: “We are moving because we spy a blessed place and
hidden experiences? Do we have access to our subliminal consciousness? What has shaped our sought to point them to God, the Father: “It is not possible that I do anything on my own. As I
4. Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? Absolutely, that
fr
ing
tribe
his
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John; and in this masterpiece, Jesus is celebrated with the asyndetic affirmation? Two nouns are ld
om
3. Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? Yes, that is characteristic of the
d
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did any who composed the Bible or the pseudepigraphical and apocryphal books intimate such
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dream of it. We all must dream.” Perception and understanding may be found in stories.
e
to
that is
in
He
wa
sout
l
fr
a
s
of
knowledge? What about Ezekiel’s ascent in a chariot that resembles a flying saucer? Is the biblical
y
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major apocalypses. But we should also add that the apocalypses ultimately revealed the importance not separated but side by side: “the Logos Word became flesh”; subsequently, Jesus collapsed,
e
the
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s,
n idea
Te
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x
wa
h
rm
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snow.
mind?
is pellucidly obvious thanks to the publications of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. When we imagine a
hear, I judge; and my judgment is just, because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who

exhausted and thirsty, by the well in Samaria and stood weeping outside Lazarus’s tomb. Jesus’
and fragility of life on earth and enriched speculations and provided in-depth moral insights.
report possibly a garbled account of something else? Are we allowed to learn from areas too often with thi s wa rning : “ S ir, do y ou not know ther e a re de a dl y sn a ke s, de s e rts, a nd horr ibl e he a t whe re
sent me;” Οὐ δύναμαι ἐγὼ ποιεῖν ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδέν· καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ
distant location, we also imagine that somehow and in some way, we are present entering that
I am reminded of the description of the land of “the Blessed Ones” in the History of the Rechabites,

early followers experienced him as a man who transcended human abilities; but, in my opinion, he
considered fantastic? Is it not possible that weird accounts and apocalyptic visions may have y o u a re le a ding y ou r pe o ple? ” He re pli e d: “ W e a r e movi ng be c a use we sp y a bl e ssed plac e a nd
δικαία ἐστίν, ὅτι οὐ ζητῶ τὸ θέλημα τὸ ἐμὸν ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με. (John 5:30). Did
place to describe it. Those who enter the heavens, according to the authors of the Apocalypses and
If the answer to all these questions is “no,” then why are we so fascinated by stories and accounts
a document in the Pseudepigrapha. Recall how after God had brought the seer among “the Blessed
be
y
fou
a
dre
ndin
rc
m.” Pe
on a
ll
torie
e
a

dre
rsta
must
s.
a
. W
nde
nd in s
pti
g
m of it
e
hidden experiences? Do we have access to our subliminal consciousness? What has shaped our sought to point them to God, the Father: “It is not possible that I do anything on my own. As I
ma
nd u
4. Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? Absolutely, that
apocalyptic literature, imagine that visionary men like Enoch and Ezra, who visit the heavens
Jesus not emphasize that he sought to share what he heard ὁ πατήρ (the Father) instructing him?
found in the biblical and related books? If many are too fanciful for modern science is that not also
mind? Ones” on a paradisaic island, he shares their report about their life:

hear, I judge; and my judgment is just, because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who
is pellucidly obvious thanks to the publications of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. When we imagine a
true of many recent discoveries and inventions? My grandfather took a steamer to Palestine before Did this confession and understanding create the Nicene Creed that stipulated that Jesus was fully
above, or Zosimos, who is guided to the mysterious islands, are depicted present in such places to

nde
f
B
in
distant location, we also imagine that somehow and in some way, we are present entering that
s
de
riptio
c
lesse
n of
the
d of
e
th
Hist
a

the
the
“
mi
ory

m
r
e
sent me;” Οὐ δύναμαι ἐγὼ ποιεῖν ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδέν· καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ ,
I
d
land
c
e
of

e
One
s
the R
s”
o
habit
describe the mysteries of our universe. human and fully divine? Confessions must not be reduced to simplistic Umgangsprache
1913 and was on board for almost two weeks; what would be his response to my claim that I took
And God commanded and this land brought forth for us pleasant and splendid trees which
g
doc
a
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. R
ph
e
ht
“
d b
B
fte
a
mon
pig
e
g
how
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ument in
a
rou
ll
the
se
If the answer to all these questions is “no,” then why are we so fascinated by stories and accounts
ra
the
se
ud
c
r
e
God
e
less
the
δικαία ἐστίν, ὅτι οὐ ζητῶ τὸ θέλημα τὸ ἐμὸν ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με. (John 5:30). Did d
place to describe it. Those who enter the heavens, according to the authors of the Apocalypses and
ha
a
P
the same journey but I needed only about ten hours? (colloquial speech). ic isl a nd, he sha r e s their r e por t about their li fe :

are filled (with) lovely, marvelous, and abundant fruits. And again, from the roots of the
Jesus not emphasize that he sought to share what he heard ὁ πατήρ (the Father) instructing him?
dis
ra
apocalyptic literature, imagine that visionary men like Enoch and Ezra, who visit the heavens
p
a
s”
found in the biblical and related books? If many are too fanciful for modern science is that not also
a
One
on a
5. How May we Perceive a New Creation? We can focus on the improvements in human
above, or Zosimos, who is guided to the mysterious islands, are depicted present in such places to
true of many recent discoveries and inventions? My grandfather took a steamer to Palestine before Did this confession and understanding create the Nicene Creed that stipulated that Jesus was fully trees flows sweet and delightful water; and from these fruits and water we take delight and
culture over the past three centuries and recognize that we all share the same dream: peace and
Who made science superior and the only source of knowledge? Albert Einstein warned us not to In seeking understanding about our nature, our origins, and the universe, let us not be misled by
n
re
omm
did t
nde
a
n
e
d
s whic
od c
a
s land br
nt and sple
human and fully divine? Confessions must not be reduced to simplistic Umgangsprache
1913 and was on board for almost two weeks; what would be his response to my claim that I took
describe the mysteries of our universe.
And G
a
s
h
a
or us ple
ht fo
oug
d thi
rth f
rest and are sustained.”
a

harmony on this fragile earth. If relatively recently humans have “created” rapid means of effective
(w
re
(colloquial speech). ith) lovely, marvelous, and abundant fruits. And again, from the roots of the
filled
the same journey but I needed only about ten hours?
make such absurd errors. He eschewed “the religious paradise” which was “dominated by wishes, those who claim myopically to have the proper theology or Christology. Did not the early
(HistRech 11:3-4; Charlesworth in OTP 2.456].

trees flows sweet and delightful water; and from these fruits and water we take delight and
5. How May we Perceive a New Creation? We can focus on the improvements in human
communication, the railroads, planes, rockets, medicines, and life-saving alterations to our
hopes, and primitive feelings.” He chose another path: “The road to this paradise was not as reflections about Jesus warn that definitions should be clear but also open ended? Are all the so-

sust
Who made science superior and the only source of knowledge? Albert Einstein warned us not to In seeking understanding about our nature, our origins, and the universe, let us not be misled by
e
r
re
a
ined.”

culture over the past three centuries and recognize that we all share the same dream: peace and

st and a
called Gnostic Gospels heretical? Why were only “Jews” at Jamnia and only “Christians” at
precious earth, then they can recognize the impending disasters to all, and accordingly, make
comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has proved itself as trustworthy,
OTP
.

harmony on this fragile earth. If relatively recently humans have “created” rapid means of effective The author, like some Essenes, perceived that οἱ ἄγγϵλοι τοῦ θεοῦ dwell with them: καὶ οἱ ἄγγϵλοι
those who claim myopically to have the proper theology or Christology. Did not the early
-

4; C
make such absurd errors. He eschewed “the religious paradise” which was “dominated by wishes,
ha
th i
(H
rle
c
e
R
h 11:3
swor
n
2.456]
ist
27
preparations to share a common destiny.
and I have never regretted having chosen it.” Einstein continued to believe in God and in an
Nicaea? How has our theology been contaminated by endeavors and predilection for too precise
32

reflections about Jesus warn that definitions should be clear but also open ended? Are all the so-
communication, the railroads, planes, rockets, medicines, and life-saving alterations to our τοῦ θεοῦ οἰκοῦσιν μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν [HistRech 12:8]. Most likely, the author is imagining the recreation
hopes, and primitive feelings.” He chose another path: “The road to this paradise was not as

definitions? “Either-or” is blind sometimes; “both-and” may offer a world in which harmony is
impersonal supreme Being and was captivatingly “enthralled by the luminous figure of the
th
e
s,
pe
a
c
r
ne
ived
with

ll
γγ
οι
λ
ϵ
οἱ
dwe

uthor,
ἄ

a
α
κ
ϵ
ὶ
ἄ
οἱ
γγ
called Gnostic Gospels heretical? Why were only “Jews” at Jamnia and only “Christians” at
The
τοῦ
θεοῦ
λ
οι
them:
se
ke
comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has proved itself as trustworthy,

precious earth, then they can recognize the impending disasters to all, and accordingly, make (perhaps at the end of time) of the blessed life that Adam and Eve had enjoyed in the Garden of
Es
some
li
t
6. Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Moral imperatives are
Nazarene,” Jesus. perceived, promised, and experienced because no option is excluded for human speculation and
28
33
27
32
εθ᾽
Eden (at the beginning of time): Endzeit wird Urzeit. kely, the author is imagining the recreation
τοῦ
h
μ
12:8]
and I have never regretted having chosen it.” Einstein continued to believe in God and in an Nicaea? How has our theology been contaminated by endeavors and predilection for too precise
[
preparations to share a common destiny.
R
οῦ
μ
θεοῦ
. Most li

οἰκ
e
ἡ
c
ῶν
Hist
σιν
present in the earliest times in Eden (and Jews placed the present blessed abode in many different contemplation. As we seek for an improved theology should we not also learn from the concept of
(perhaps at the end of time) of the blessed life that Adam and Eve had enjoyed in the Garden of
impersonal supreme Being and was captivatingly “enthralled by the luminous figure of the
definitions? “Either-or” is blind sometimes; “both-and” may offer a world in which harmony is

cosmological locati Logos according to Heraclitus (c. 535- c. 475 BCE), from so-called Lao-Tzu (c. 500 BCE) who
Sixth, is there life after death? Is that not a focus of many apocryphal works? Do not the
28ons). Paradise is in the third heaven, according to Paul in 2 Corinthians 12 and
33
Eden (at the beginning of time): Endzeit wird Urzeit.
perceived, promised, and experienced because no option is excluded for human speculation and
Nazarene,” Jesus.
6. Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Moral imperatives are
Continuing our perusal of the Essenes, some of the most gifted intellectuals within early Jewish
the author of 2 Enoch 8 in Recension A: “And the men took me from there. They brought me to according to old Chinese traditions composed the Tao-Te-Ching urging that we live and act
apocalypses contain descriptions of postmortem life? Of course, they do. And it is possible to note

present in the earliest times in Eden (and Jews placed the present blessed abode in many different
contemplation. As we seek for an improved theology should we not also learn from the concept of
apocalypticism, we now should ask: Did the Essenes establish dwellings only at Qumran?
30
the third heaven. And they placed me in the midst of Paradise.” [OTP 1.115F.I. Andersen] The
that the emphasis shifted from suffering for the unrighteous, and blessedness for the righteous - to according to the energetic force that unites the universe, and from the Upanishads, the great
Sixth, is there life after death? Is that not a focus of many apocryphal works? Do not the
Continuing our perusal of the Essenes, some of the most gifted intellectuals within early Jewish
cosmological locations). Paradise is in the third heaven, according to Paul in 2 Corinthians 12 and
Logos according to Heraclitus (c. 535- c. 475 BCE), from so-called Lao-Tzu (c. 500 BCE) who
Obviously not. Josephus (37-100 CE), who knew the culture of first-century Palestine intimately
annihilation of the wicked, and eternal blessed and unimaginable glory and happiness for those treasury of wisdom in India that took shape from about 500 BCE to the Middle Ages, and tried to
apocalypticism, we now should ask: Did the Essenes establish dwellings only at Qumran?
according to old Chinese traditions composed the Tao-Te-Ching urging that we live and act
ancient Jews and Christian imagined a blessed place, sometimes in an unknown place, in which
the author of 2 Enoch 8 in Recension A: “And the men took me from there. They brought me to
apocalypses contain descriptions of postmortem life? Of course, they do. And it is possible to note
and observed the Roman conquest of Galilee and then the burning of Jerusalem, reported that
Obviously not. Josephus (37-100 CE), who knew the culture of first-century Palestine intimately
that the emphasis shifted from suffering for the unrighteous, and blessedness for the righteous - to
the third heaven. And they placed me in the midst of Paradise.” [OTP 1.115F.I. Andersen] The according to the energetic force that unites the universe, and from the Upanishads, the great
30
faithful to God and the Torah.
God’s will was obeyed joyously.
demonstrate the human’s universal oneness. Is not the goal of world-wide theological speculations
34
annihilation of the wicked, and eternal blessed and unimaginable glory and happiness for those
treasury of wisdom in India that took shape from about 500 BCE to the Middle Ages, and tried to
and observed the Roman conquest of Galilee and then the burning of Jerusalem, reported that
ancient Jews and Christian imagined a blessed place, sometimes in an unknown place, in which Essenes lived in many areas of the country:
basically human endeavors, guided by the spirit (variously defined), to arrive at a sense of Awe?

34
God’s will was obeyed joyously.
faithful to God and the Torah. demonstrate the human’s universal oneness. Is not the goal of world-wide theological speculations
Essenes lived in many areas of the country:
7. What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? The
Seventh, why do too many claim or assume an absolute dichotomy between Jewish thoughts and

They [the Essenes; Ἐσσηνοὶ καλοῦνται] are not only in one town but many of them dwell
Christian reflections in the first century CE? Were Jesus and all his disciples not Jewish? Were not basically human endeavors, guided by the spirit (variously defined), to arrive at a sense of Awe?

preoccupation with ideas has been replaced in most recent endeavors by contextualization, thanks
Today, too much has changed. Religion and philosophy have been too often abandoned and even
35
Seventh, why do too many claim or assume an absolute dichotomy between Jewish thoughts and in every town [Μία δ' οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν πόλις ἀλλ' ἐν ἑκάστῃ μετοικοῦσιν πολλοί]. And
7. What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? The
They [the Essenes; Ἐσσηνοὶ καλοῦνται] are not only in one town but many of them dwell
29
the books in the Christian Bible all composed by Jews, with maybe a few exceptions: the so-called
to fabulous archaeological discoveries, epigraphy, enriched Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, and Greek dismissed from too many curricula. In the late 1960s, when I began to teach at Duke, students
35
Christian reflections in the first century CE? Were Jesus and all his disciples not Jewish? Were not
preoccupation with ideas has been replaced in most recent endeavors by contextualization, thanks
in every town [Μία δ' οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν πόλις ἀλλ' ἐν ἑκάστῃ μετοικοῦσιν πολλοί]. And
Today, too much has changed. Religion and philosophy have been too often abandoned and even
if any of their sect comes from other locales, their resources are available to them, just as
philology - as well as a focused phenomenology on past lives, their opportunities, perceptions, knew they needed courses in physical education, languages, religion, and history. Why? The
Catholic Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. If “the Messiah,” “the Savior,” “the Christ,” and
29
dismissed from too many curricula. In the late 1960s, when I began to teach at Duke, students if any of their sect comes from other locales, their resources are available to them, just as
to fabulous archaeological discoveries, epigraphy, enriched Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, and Greek
the books in the Christian Bible all composed by Jews, with maybe a few exceptions: the so-called
if it were their own, and they go into the homes of those whom they had never known
“the Son of Man,” are originally Jewish neologisms, why do their appearances mislead so many Vietnam War brought home a recognition of human limitation, the importance of values and
misunderstandings, and reality. Apocalypses are certainly grounded in reality on earth, in which
Catholic Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. If “the Messiah,” “the Savior,” “the Christ,” and
if it were their own, and they go into the homes of those whom they had never known
knew they needed courses in physical education, languages, religion, and history. Why? The
philology - as well as a focused phenomenology on past lives, their opportunities, perceptions,
before as if they had been long acquainted with them” (Josephus, War 2.124; my idiomatic
culture has developed for more than 200,000 years. For example, ornate jewelry about 150,000 sacrifices – and a view that extended beyond our nation’s borders. Now, too many students want
scholars into assuming the work is composed by “a Christian”?
before as if they had been long acquainted with them” (Josephus, War 2.124; my idiomatic
misunderstandings, and reality. Apocalypses are certainly grounded in reality on earth, in which
“the Son of Man,” are originally Jewish neologisms, why do their appearances mislead so many
Vietnam War brought home a recognition of human limitation, the importance of values and
translation).
scholars into assuming the work is composed by “a Christian”? to ignore these disciplines and prepare for a lucrative job. Why? Have they concluded that the
years old has been recovered from Morocco’s Bizmoune Cave.
31
culture has developed for more than 200,000 years. For example, ornate jewelry about 150,000
translation).
sacrifices – and a view that extended beyond our nation’s borders. Now, too many students want
31
When can we distinguish between “Judaism” and “Christianity”? And, is it not true that today humanities in which values and peace are cherished are no longer valuable or worth the sacrifice?
to ignore these disciplines and prepare for a lucrative job. Why? Have they concluded that the

years old has been recovered from Morocco’s Bizmoune Cave.
When can we distinguish between “Judaism” and “Christianity”? And, is it not true that today humanities in which values and peace are cherished are no longer valuable or worth the sacrifice?

Our study helps us bring into focus the heart of early Jewish and Christian reflections on life and
Where are young people to learn values and transfer apocalyptic hopes when the church has
some great minds, like David Flusser and Geza Vermes, showed that they are not only “Jewish”
Our study helps us bring into focus the heart of early Jewish and Christian reflections on life and
some great minds, like David Flusser and Geza Vermes, showed that they are not only “Jewish” Where are young people to learn values and transfer apocalyptic hopes when the church has
destiny. The horrors they suffered could not diminish the light even though it may have been
but also deeply “Christian”? Each shared many hours with me, over decades, and I remember each
become passé, the family no longer enjoys dinners in which morality is taught, and religion is
but also deeply “Christian”? Each shared many hours with me, over decades, and I remember each become passé, the family no longer enjoys dinners in which morality is taught, and religion is
destiny. The horrors they suffered could not diminish the light even though it may have been
saying something like: “Jim I believe in one supreme Being, YHWH, and the divinity of Jesus but
caused by the flames. We are apocalyptically given the assurance that God is good and to be

saying something like: “Jim I believe in one supreme Being, YHWH, and the divinity of Jesus but 32
caused by the flames. We are apocalyptically given the assurance that God is good and to be
never will I imagine Jesus was God.” Contemplating, that statement, I imagine before the Nicene-
32 Charlesworth, ed., The History of the Rechabites: Volume I: The Greek Recension. SBL T&T 17, Pseud Series 10.
Charlesworth, ed., The History of the Rechabites: Volume I: The Greek Recension. SBL T&T 17, Pseud Series 10.
never will I imagine Jesus was God.” Contemplating, that statement, I imagine before the Nicene-
(Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982); for this citation see p. 72.
(Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982)

; for this citation see p. 72.
29
33

They would do well to ponder the insights in Yaron Z. Eliav, A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction

27 30 Albert Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp. 29 33 See H. Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen.
See H. Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen.
They would do well to ponder the insights in Yaron Z. Eliav, A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction
27 The redactor of Recension J adds “Then I looked downward” and so places Paradise on the earth. In 2En 42,
30
in the Ancient Mediterranean (in press) and his “Bathhouses as Places of Social and Cultural Interactions,” in The
I und Apoc. Joh. XII (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895).
The redactor of Recension J adds “Then I looked downward” and so places Paradise on the earth. In 2En 42,
Albert Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp.
I und Apoc. Joh. XII (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895).
Library of Living Philosophers. (Evanston, 1949) p. 5. Einstein’s quotation as assed by Max Jammer, Einstein and in the Ancient Mediterranean (in press) and his “Bathhouses as Places of Social and Cultural Interactions,” in The
Paradise is in the East, as in the Bible.
34
Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine, edited by Catherine Hezser (Oxford: Oxford University
I concur with those who agree that the etymology of the word “Essene” remains doubtful.
Paradise is in the East, as in the Bible.
Library of Living Philosophers. (Evanston, 1949) p. 5. Einstein’s quotation as assed by Max Jammer, Einstein and
Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine, edited by Catherine Hezser (Oxford: Oxford University
31 Notably, see Sarah Kuta, “This 9,000-year-old Necklace is Remarkable. Who wore it is even more surprising,” 34 I concur with those who agree that the etymology of the word “Essene” remains doubtful.
Religion (Princeton: PUP, 1999) p. 28.
31
35
Press, 2010) pp. 605-22. Among his many publications, see Anita Norich and Yaron Z. Eliav, editors, Jewish
Religion (Princeton: PUP, 1999) p. 28.
Press, 2010) pp. 605-22. Among his many publications, see Anita Norich and Yaron Z. Eliav, editors, Jewish
See Philo’s comment that they dwell only in villages. The Greek noun πόλις is too often in Josephus’ description
Notably, see Sarah Kuta, “This 9,000-year-old Necklace is Remarkable. Who wore it is even more surprising,”
28 See Jammer, Einstein and Religion, respectively pp. 264 and 22. 35 See Philo’s comment that they dwell only in villages. The Greek noun πόλις is too often in Josephus’ description
28
Literatures and Cultures: Context and Intertext. Brown Judaic Studies 349. (Providence RI, 2008).
National Geographic (August 25, 2023).
See Jammer, Einstein and Religion, respectively pp. 264 and 22.
of the Essenes understood to denote a city; here it means a town or village.
National Geographic (August 25, 2023).
Literatures and Cultures: Context and Intertext. Brown Judaic Studies 349. (Providence RI, 2008).
of the Essenes understood to denote a city; here it means a town or village.
22 19
22
22