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persecutions can yet dream that “behold, the dwelling of God is with humans, and he shall tent
dismissed as focus turned to moral obsessions on an isolated earth. Only one later story preserves
40
corpus. I discovered that the lead plates of Charles’ volumes had been melted down to make bullets
Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination
sapiens began to appear about 300,000 years ago in Africa. The evolution was multidimensional
with them, and they shall be his people. And He, God, shall be with them” (Ἰδοὺ ἡ σκηνὴ τοῦ θεοῦ
studying.
the “memory” of Akiba ben Yosef (c. 50 to 135 CE) and his three colleagues who ascended into
in the Great War. All students preferred translations in English; moreover, virtually no reliable text
when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his
and involved vast transformations and increased abilities. Just as humans once, almost

μετὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ σκηνώσει μετʼ αὐτῶν, καὶ αὐτοὶ λαοὶ αὐτοῦ ἔσονται, καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ θεὸς
the blessed heavens by intense focus on G-d’s Ineffable Name (Tosafot, Chagiga 14b, Zohar
editions were published for many of the documents I was convinced should be included in the
dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom
who dismiss the description of the serpent in Genesis as fictious need to continue reading and
inadvertently, became extinct in the Pleistocene era, so humans may deliberately obliterate all

1.26b, and Tikunei Zohar, Tikun 40).
μετʼ αὐτῶν ἔσται). Did the author not imagine the End would be a return to the blessed life of the
corpus we all called “the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.”
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such
studying.
sapiens began to appear about 300,000 years ago in Africa. The evolution was multidimensional
earthly life.
40

corpus. I discovered that the lead plates of Charles’ volumes had been melted down to make bullets
Beginning? Was there a more promising future for early Jews than the time when all sickness and
deaths do not diminish hope?
Who has been able to do that? Did not Martin Luther King inherit the apocalyptic imagination
and involved vast transformations and increased abilities. Just as humans once, almost
Is there also a blessed scenario? Yes, but it is preserved in ancient apocalypses, notably Daniel and

in the Great War. All students preferred translations in English; moreover, virtually no reliable text
Since the 1970s, gifted men and women have provided texts, translations, and studies focused on
Many of the books in the Hebrew Bible, apocalypses, Dead Sea Scrolls, the Pseudepigrapha, and
evil will cease and God will not need a Temple because, as in Eden, he dwells with his faithful
when he claimed, like Moses, to climb the mountain and see the promised land? Are some of his
inadvertently, became extinct in the Pleistocene era, so humans may deliberately obliterate all
Revelation.

editions were published for many of the documents I was convinced should be included in the
most of the New Testament, bear witness to the former apocalyptic imaginations; the latter ethical
one of the documents in the OTP. Now we have a known corpus that is increasing. At that time,
Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define
dreams now slowly becoming reality? Did not Jesus teach his followers to pray: “Thy kingdom
people.
earthly life.

corpus we all called “the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.”
come on earth”? And were King and Jesus not brutally murdered? How can we learn that such
masterpieces are preserved in the Mishnah and Rabbinic texts.
focus was almost always on philology and history. Now, we have a vineyard of ancient apocalyptic
apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts

Is there also a blessed scenario? Yes, but it is preserved in ancient apocalypses, notably Daniel and
What did the early optimistic apocalyptists imagine? They pondered a Creator that had promised

deaths do not diminish hope?

creations, so to speak, and we may enjoy its fruits by exploring the eternal questions and asking in
but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the
Revelation.
Perceiving a New Creation
a marvelous world, evident now only in their ten or more heavens, and soon appearing on earth
Since the 1970s, gifted men and women have provided texts, translations, and studies focused on

During Early Judaism – approximately 300 BCE to 150 CE – the great apocalypses, like Daniel,
what ways, if at all, these complex ancient compositions help us draw closer to possibly reliable
scene?

The early Jewish testaments are filled with apocalyptic expectations and occasionally receive
due to God’s continuing fidelity, love, and righteousness. Many Jews and Christians before about
one of the documents in the OTP. Now we have a known corpus that is increasing. At that time,
Early Jewish descriptions of a celestial or promising place of peace and tranquility define
1 Enoch, 2 Enoch, 4 Ezra, 2 Baruch, the History of the Rechabites, and the vast amounts
What did the early optimistic apocalyptists imagine? They pondered a Creator that had promised
(perhaps revealed) perceptions and answers. Here are some areas we may all continue to explore: of

visions of a new creation. Note the following passage in the Testament of Naphtali:
150 CE, imagined and expected “a New Jerusalem” descending to earth (Revelation 21:1-2).
focus was almost always on philology and history. Now, we have a vineyard of ancient apocalyptic
apocalypses, testaments, and psalms. How can we stimulate others to not only read these accounts
a marvelous world, evident now only in their ten or more heavens, and soon appearing on earth
apocalyptic texts, like The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, were composed. What was the
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these:

creations, so to speak, and we may enjoy its fruits by exploring the eternal questions and asking in

but try to feel what the early Jews experienced when they imagined being present to view the
due to God’s continuing fidelity, love, and righteousness. Many Jews and Christians before about
primary message of those who created the luminous apocalypses and apocalyptic compositions?
First, how is the Creator perceived? Are we wise to ask about monotheism or henotheism? To what

Command your children that they be in unity with Levi and Judah,
what ways, if at all, these complex ancient compositions help us draw closer to possibly reliable
The Jewish and Christian authors of the apocalyptic masterpieces and the modern astrophysicists
scene?
150 CE, imagined and expected “a New Jerusalem” descending to earth (Revelation 21:1-2).
These authors urged all to look up and into the vast heavens. They claimed some had been led into
extent is the Eternal One represented by “the Lord Our God”? Is this Being powerful or has he
Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until
(perhaps revealed) perceptions and answers. Here are some areas we may all continue to explore:
for through Judah will salvation arise for Israel,

offer a perception of a universe full of wonder that excites beliefs about an incomprehensible
other worlds above in which some were suffering and others were blessed enjoying a new life with
delimited his might by creating Adam, in his image, and with the freedom to reject the good and
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and

and in him will Jacob be blessed.
Let us recall that the apocalypses are defined with such vivid experiences as these:
Supreme Being or Mind. If all of us humans cease our hatred and fear and join together as creatures
The Jewish and Christian authors of the apocalyptic masterpieces and the modern astrophysicists
all human hopes.
First, how is the Creator perceived? Are we wise to ask about monotheism or henotheism? To what
even the Creator? How and in what ways can the Creator effect history; is this One incapable, by
set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the

Through his kingly power God will appear …,
of the One and Blessed God, then we still have time to experience a οὐρανὸν καινὸν καὶ γῆν
offer a perception of a universe full of wonder that excites beliefs about an incomprehensible
extent is the Eternal One represented by “the Lord Our God”? Is this Being powerful or has he

columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … .
self-limitations, to never intervene but only to supervene? And how may we make such
Then I stood still, looking at that ancient house being transformed … I went on seeing until
to save the race of Israel,

Supreme Being or Mind. If all of us humans cease our hatred and fear and join together as creatures
καινήν. Can any of us believe the ancient apocalyptist, noted at the beginning, who envisioned that
delimited his might by creating Adam, in his image, and with the freedom to reject the good and
The authors of the first apocalypses could not see or imagine the expanding universe and awe-
distinctions?
the Lord of the sheep brought about a new house, greater and loftier than the first one, and
[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]

of the One and Blessed God, then we still have time to experience a οὐρανὸν καινὸν καὶ γῆν

and to assemble the righteous from among the nations.
“the angels of God dwell among us” (καὶ οἱ ἄγγϵλοι τοῦ θεοῦ οἰκοῦσιν μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν)?
even the Creator? How and in what ways can the Creator effect history; is this One incapable, by
set it up in the first location which had been covered up – all its pillars were new, the
inspiring innumerable galaxies revealed by the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) telescope. That

καινήν. Can any of us believe the ancient apocalyptist, noted at the beginning, who envisioned that
[TNaph 8:2-3; Kee in OTP 1.813]

self-limitations, to never intervene but only to supervene? And how may we make such
columns new; and the ornaments new as well as greater than those of the first … .
19
methodology helps astronomers (notably Mario Livio) to estimate the presence of between 100
Most readers will comprehend that the New Temple in Jerusalem is being described. The author
“the angels of God dwell among us” (καὶ οἱ ἄγγϵλοι τοῦ θεοῦ οἰκοῦσιν μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν)?
Second, the Bible is the “Crucible of the Pseudepigrapha.” Those who wrote these cultural

distinctions?
[1 En 90:28-29; Isaac in OTP 1.91]

billion and 200 billion galaxies. Some remarkably may be moving faster than the speed of light;
shaping apocalyptic masterpieces intimate and even anticipate a beatific future since God claimed

of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians
The apocalyptic expectation also flows into Psalms and Odes. The author of the Odes of Solomon

and physicists, Günter Nimtz and Alfons Stahlhofen), conducted experiments in which photons
the “End” of creation would be glorious. They also knew that the future, for God, is also the
in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21:
19
Second, the Bible is the “Crucible of the Pseudepigrapha.” Those who wrote these cultural

shares his visit into Paradise:
Most readers will comprehend that the New Temple in Jerusalem is being described. The author

were observed moving faster than the speed of light. The ancient visionaries could not contemplate
present, since God by definition transcends categories like “time.” If so, then God saw and

shaping apocalyptic masterpieces intimate and even anticipate a beatific future since God claimed

of Revelation shared a similar vision some centuries later. A dream, shared by Jews and Christians

black holes, but perhaps they could imagine what a friend and astronaut shared with me; he
pronounced the beginning and end of creation “good” [׃בוַֹֽט־יִּכּ םיִָּּ֖הלֱֹא א ְרֵַּּ֥יַּו]. Almost always, Jews
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed
the “End” of creation would be glorious. They also knew that the future, for God, is also the
in the late first century CE is preserved in Revelation 21:
And he took me into his Paradise,

imagined that the inexplicable black holes may be entrances into another world. That is wise
present, since God by definition transcends categories like “time.” If so, then God saw and
away, and the sea was no more.
who left us apocalypses foresaw a blessed future for those faithful to the Creator; their life would

Wherein is the wealth of the Lord’s pleasure. …
pronounced the beginning and end of creation “good” [׃בוַֹֽט־יִּכּ םיִָּּ֖הלֱֹא א ְרֵַּּ֥יַּו]. Almost always, Jews
speculation since all cosmic objects near a black hole speed into it and perhaps continue
be similar to those enjoying the Abode of the Rechabites – perhaps only after we stop breathing.
And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,
Then I saw a new heaven and a new earth; for the first heaven and the first earth had passed

who left us apocalypses foresaw a blessed future for those faithful to the Creator; their life would
somewhere as water in a bathtub flows out through a drain to many distant places.
away, and the sea was no more.
prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
Then I adored the Lord because of his magnificence.

be similar to those enjoying the Abode of the Rechabites – perhaps only after we stop breathing.

Third, how and in what ways are “humans” similar to animals and also different from other
And I saw the holy city, the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:

prepared as a bride adorned for her husband.
Black holes seem to be everywhere and one large one is in the middle of our galaxy and moving
creatures? A few animals, like the octopi, chimpanzees, and especially bottlenose dolphins seem
“Behold, the home of God is among mortals.

And I said, blessed, O Lord, are they
Third, how and in what ways are “humans” similar to animals and also different from other
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying:
20
to possess cognitive abilities equal to humans. And tortoises may live over 150 years while
towards us. At a future event, all in our solar system will vanish in a flash. When I was in
He will dwell with them as their God;
Who are planted in your land,
creatures? A few animals, like the octopi, chimpanzees, and especially bottlenose dolphins seem

“Behold, the home of God is among mortals.
Yellowstone, I was informed that an apocalyptic denouement is expected; a specialist warned that
they will be his peoples,
humans often pass away before 80. Some apes and monkeys can use their hands. How intelligent
20
to possess cognitive abilities equal to humans. And tortoises may live over 150 years while

And who have a place in your Paradise;
He will dwell with them as their God;
the “Giant Yellowstone Supervolcano” beneath the park discloses an overdue explosion. It will
is the octopus; is this creature’s strategies due only to ecological intelligence (that is, the ability to
and God himself will be with them;
humans often pass away before 80. Some apes and monkeys can use their hands. How intelligent
they will be his peoples,

erupt and wipe out all life in the USA and perhaps on the earth. In the estimation of other
secure food) or is it capable of planning (as Piero Amodio of the University of Padua observed)?

he will wipe every tear from their eyes.
is the octopus; is this creature’s strategies due only to ecological intelligence (that is, the ability to
and God himself will be with them;
And who grow in the growth of your trees,

21
specialists, the eruption is about a hundred millennia away. Finally, meteorologists warn that in
Death will be no more;
How have the 3,400 species of serpents (reptiles, snakes) existed 20 times longer than humans
secure food) or is it capable of planning (as Piero Amodio of the University of Padua observed)?

he will wipe every tear from their eyes.

And have passed from darkness into light

the future, climate change will wipe out most of Florida and other low-lying areas on earth. Some
How have the 3,400 species of serpents (reptiles, snakes) existed 20 times longer than humans
and yet cannot blink, and most move without hands or legs and can disarticulate their jaws so they
21
mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
Death will be no more;

[OdesSol 11.16-19; Charlesworth in OTP 2.745]

and yet cannot blink, and most move without hands or legs and can disarticulate their jaws so they
experts have a different scenario; they are concerned that a “catastrophic cyber event”
can swallow others whole? I should add that the Tetrapodophis specimen from the Cretaceous is
for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]
mourning and crying and pain will be no more,
[Ancient Egyptian Art often Shows a Serpent with Feet. Above is a depiction of

can swallow others whole? I should add that the Tetrapodophis specimen from
22 the Cretaceous

developing. Today we are sharing daunting futures with the ancient apocalyptists.

Period has two feet and tiny front legs (or hands). It also has five fingers or toes. Certainly, all
for the first things have passed away.” [Rev 21:1-4]
Nehebkau, the Snake God. Egyptian Book of the Dead.]

The guide is the Lord, not a seer as in the apocalypses. He takes the Odist into Paradise so he can
Period has two feet and tiny front legs (or hands). It also has five fingers or toes. Certainly, all
22

Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν
[Ancient Egyptian Art often Shows a Serpent with Feet. Above is a depiction of
see the blessed ones who have a place in Paradise and are permanently planted like trees.

Is it not remarkable that the author claims to see “a new heaven and a new earth” (οὐρανὸν καινὸν

Life on earth has been fragile. It is imperative that all of us comprehend how humans on earth
καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the
Nehebkau, the Snake God. Egyptian Book of the Dead.]

καὶ γῆν καινήν). Why is there a need for a new heaven? Has it been polluted by the Nephilim, the
fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven

declined to a mere 1,280 people and almost became extinct between 930,000 and 813,000 years

19
fallen angels, and the betrayal of Satan who was a superior angel serving previously in heaven
What good is a heaven or Paradise that is infinitely far away and closed to all, both the living and
See Charlesworth, “Biblical Stories and Quotations Reflected and Even Adumbrated in the Old Testament

16
beside God? The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new
19
ago. Perhaps it was due to glacial events, declining temperatures, droughts, and the loss of animals
See Charlesworth, “Biblical Stories and Quotations Reflected and Even Adumbrated in the Old Testament
16
Pseudepigrapha,” in S. Delamarter, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (London,
beside God? The exceptional apocalyptic vision describes how “I saw the Holy City, the new
the “apparently” dead? What good is a Paradise that is inaccessible to all who have lived (cf. LAE).

Pseudepigrapha,” in S. Delamarter, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (London,
Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν
and vegetation that “humans” needed for survival. As a result, human diversity was diminished.
New York: Sheffield, 2002) p. 1-6.
Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride for her husband” (τὴν πόλιν
According to the author of 2 Baruch, Paradise was only shown to Adam, Abraham, and Moses
New York: Sheffield, 2002) p. 1-6.
τὴν ἁγίαν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡτοιμασμένην
20
See esp. J. R. Learn, “Just How Intelligent Are Dolphins?” Discover (March 26 2021)). discovery of fire; the
Then, there was an accelerated population boom, caused – perhaps – by the
20
τὴν ἁγίαν Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινὴν εἶδον καταβαίνουσαν ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἡτοιμασμένην
See esp. J. R. Learn, “Just How Intelligent Are Dolphins?” Discover (March 26 2021)).

ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms and
21
21
ὡς νύμφην κεκοσμημένην τῷ ἀνδρὶ αὐτῆς). Members of the covenant facing martyrdoms and
earth’s warming climate; and some hominins became
The number “3,400” is from the Encyclopedia Britanica (2023). bipedal (the ability to walk). About 1.9
40
The number “3,400” is from the Encyclopedia Britanica (2023).
I am indebted to the insights of scientists reported by Eric Ralls in “Humans Almost Went Extinct as Population
22
22
40
million years ago, Homo erectus appeared with a larger brain and could use advanced tools.
Today, pythons have a pair of little spurs that have evolved from earlier feet. Lizards still have something like feet.
Today, pythons have a pair of little spurs that have evolved from earlier feet. Lizards still have something like feet.
I am indebted to the insights of scientists reported by Eric Ralls in “Humans Almost Went Extinct as Population
Declined to only 1,280 People,” Earth (September 1, 2023). See also, Wangjie Hu, et al., “Genomic Inference of a

See the illustrated and highly informative “A Fossil Snake With Four Legs” by Ed Young in National Geographic
Severe Human Bottleneck During the Early to Middle Pleastocene Transition,” Science 381 (31 August 2023).
See the illustrated and highly informative “A Fossil Snake With Four Legs” by Ed Young in National Geographic
Declined to only 1,280 People,” Earth (September 1, 2023). See also, Wangjie Hu, et al., “Genomic Inference of a
Neanderthals appeared about 400,000 years ago but became extinct about 40,000 years ago. Homo
(July 23 2015).
16
16
Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council.
Recall Ezekiel 28:11-17, and Isaiah 14:12-15, and Job 1:7. Satan was once a cherub and a part of the divine council.
(July 23 2015).
Severe Human Bottleneck During the Early to Middle Pleastocene Transition,” Science 381 (31 August 2023).
26
11
15
who dismiss the description of the serpent in Genesis as fictious need to continue reading and
(2Bar 4:2-7). Why? It is because the Lord God took Paradise away from Adam and all his Is that not clear? Is that dream not uplifting? We do all see “the sinners waxing strong.” How do Personally, I follow most scholars who conclude that Josephus’ identity of the authors of some dwellings for a relatively long period. They were not seasonal workers, for if they were we
Boa quidem serpens quem tellus Itala nutrit
17
24
descendants, even Noah (ܒܐܕ ܐܤܝܕܪܦ ܗܢܡ ܗܠ ܬܙܠܓܬܐ.ܟܝܐ 2Bar 4:3). we inculcate being partners with the “people of heaven”? Dead Sea Scrolls and the collectors of the “Qumran Library” were Essenes. Hippolytus of Rome would most probably find similar sites in other parts of the oasis as well. All features of the
Hunc bubulum plures lac enutrire docent.
(c. 170 – c. 255 CE) adds credulity to Josephus’ report and corrects some of his evaluations: site its location above Ein Gedi, simplicity, and unique nature conform to Pliny the Elder’s
(d. 79 A.D.) famous passage on the Essenes, which he describes as a celibate group of men,
Our dream literature eventually describes Paradise as open and waiting for us. Recall this poignant Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Ashton also quoted Pliny: “The blood of a serpent is more precious than Balsamum, and if you

living on the western shore of the Dead Sea, who have no money only palm trees for
None among them [the Essenes] is richer than the other; for the law with them is that
passage in the Testament of Levi:
(2Bar 4:2-7). Why? It is because the Lord God took Paradise away from Adam and all his Some nations rise and fall because of their military might; those nations would include, at least, Personally, I follow most scholars who conclude that Josephus’ identity of the authors of some annoynt your lips with a little of it, they will looke passing redde: and, if the face be annoynted

dwellings for a relatively long period. They were not seasonal workers, for if they were we
Boa quidem serpens quem tellus Itala nutrit
Is that not clear? Is that dream not uplifting? We do all see “the sinners waxing strong.” How do
whosoever joins their order must sell his possessions and hand the proceeds over to the
company. He concludes by saying that below them lies Ein Gedi, which in his times was
17
descendants, even Noah (ܒܐܕ ܐܤܝܕܪܦ ܗܢܡ ܗܠ ܬܙܠܓܬܐ.ܟܝܐ 2Bar 4:3). the early Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Huns, Mongols, and well Dead Sea Scrolls and the collectors of the “Qumran Library” were Essenes. Hippolytus of Rome therewith, it will receive no spot or fleck, but causeth it to have an orient and beautiful hue.” Ashton
Hunc bubulum plures lac enutrire docent.

would most probably find similar sites in other parts of the oasis as well. All features of the

24
we inculcate being partners with the “people of heaven”?
37
common stock; and the leader distributes it to all [other Essenes] according to their need.
"a heap of ashes" (Pliny, Natural History, V, xv.73; trans. By H. Rackham).
And he shall open the gates of Paradise, as the more recent Nazis. The ancient “heroes” were renowned because of great warriors like (c. 170 – c. 255 CE) adds credulity to Josephus’ report and corrects some of his evaluations: apparently accepted these wild myths as truthful: “Hitherto we have only seen that side of a
site its location above Ein Gedi, simplicity, and unique nature conform to Pliny the Elder’s

(d. 79 A.D.) famous passage on the Essenes, which he describes as a celibate group of men,
Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. These nations and warriors, once powerful,
Our dream literature eventually describes Paradise as open and waiting for us. Recall this poignant Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Hippolytus continues adding a comment important for us now: “They have no special city Ashton also quoted Pliny: “The blood of a serpent is more precious than Balsamum, and if you

Dragon’s temperament that is inimical to man, but there are stories, equally veracious, of their

And he shall remove the threatening sword since Adam.
passage in the Testament of Levi: Some nations rise and fall because of their military might; those nations would include, at least, None among them [the Essenes] is richer than the other; for the law with them is that annoynt your lips with a little of it, they will looke passing redde: and, if the face be annoynted
living on the western shore of the Dead Sea, who have no money only palm trees for
[or village] of their own, but live in large numbers in different cities [or villages] …
are in our proverbial review mirrors and lost in the dust behind.
affection and love for men, women, and children: How they, by kindness, may be tamed, and
Hirschfield showed me his discovery at Ein Gedi which he called the “Essene Village,” and I was

And he shall permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
the early Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Huns, Mongols, and well whosoever joins their order must sell his possessions and hand the proceeds over to the therewith, it will receive no spot or fleck, but causeth it to have an orient and beautiful hue.” Ashton
company. He concludes by saying that below them lies Ein Gedi, which in his times was

impressed with this brilliant man and enjoyed the years we shared together in many ancient sites
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]
And he shall open the gates of Paradise, as the more recent Nazis. The ancient “heroes” were renowned because of great warriors like Particularly firm is their doctrine of resurrection; they believe that the flesh will rise again brought into kindly relations with the human species.” These claims, barely a century old (from
37
"a heap of ashes" (Pliny, Natural History, V, xv.73; trans. By H. Rackham).
apparently accepted these wild myths as truthful: “Hitherto we have only seen that side of a
common stock; and the leader distributes it to all [other Essenes] according to their need.
And he shall remove the threatening sword since Adam. The Jews and Christians share a different concept of greatness. They have survived for millennia and then be immortal like the soul.” 1890 until today), have continued to shape the minds of too many today.
within modern Israel, but conceivably the huts may have belonged to Jewish simple farmers. He
Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. These nations and warriors, once powerful,
Dragon’s temperament that is inimical to man, but there are stories, equally veracious, of their

Hippolytus continues adding a comment important for us now: “They have no special city
The author of this pseudepigraphon, as with many Semites, occasionally fails to make it pellucidly fundamentally because of morality, human values, and expectations and dreams. Many who read [or village] of their own, but live in large numbers in different cities [or villages] … and I would appreciate careful responses to his hypothesis.
affection and love for men, women, and children: How they, by kindness, may be tamed, and

And he shall permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
Hirschfield showed me his discovery at Ein Gedi which he called the “Essene Village,” and I was
are in our proverbial review mirrors and lost in the dust behind.
clear who is the speaker. Most likely, Levi is the intended speaker. He informs his sons that the my words would add, by the continuing presence and unlimited power of the Creator. These rules In Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit paragraph 12, Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE to 50 CE), who Such unfounded claims from ancient mythology and Victorian Cryptozoology are enriched and
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]

These diverse ancient and modern reports on the Essenes make it highly likely that Essenes could
brought into kindly relations with the human species.” These claims, barely a century old (from

Particularly firm is their doctrine of resurrection; they believe that the flesh will rise again
impressed with this brilliant man and enjoyed the years we shared together in many ancient sites
1890 until today), have continued to shape the minds of too many today.
“new priest” whom the Lord shall raise up “shall open” (ἀνοίξει) “the gates of Paradise” (τὰς θύρας and perspectives are taught notably in families from an early age. The Testaments of the Twelve visited Palestine, adds more insight for us to contemplate the location of the Essenes: enlivened by more recent claims. Examples would include Christopher Columbus’s report in his
and then be immortal like the soul.”
The Jews and Christians share a different concept of greatness. They have survived for millennia
be found in many villages within ancient Palestine. We now know, perhaps too little, about Essenes
within modern Israel, but conceivably the huts may have belonged to Jewish simple farmers. He
The author of this pseudepigraphon, as with many Semites, occasionally fails to make it pellucidly Patriarchs preserves an early record of this custom: journal of seeing “mermaids,” and an authority in Florida in 1954 who supported the accounts of
fundamentally because of morality, human values, and expectations and dreams. Many who read

τοῦ παραδείσου). Among a people oppressed consistently by foreign powers this divine promise
and I would appreciate careful responses to his hypothesis.
at Qumran, Jericho, perhaps above Ein Gedi, southwest Jerusalem, and in the Galilee. In addition,
[A] number of men living in Syria and Palestine, over 4,000 according to my judgment,
clear who is the speaker. Most likely, Levi is the intended speaker. He informs his sons that the my words would add, by the continuing presence and unlimited power of the Creator. These rules In Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit paragraph 12, Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE to 50 CE), who the St John’s River Serpent that he would not be “surprised at all” if in “the wilds of Florida” there
Such unfounded claims from ancient mythology and Victorian Cryptozoology are enriched and
removes anguish and brings forward everlasting hope. Human perception of weakness and finitude
These diverse ancient and modern reports on the Essenes make it highly likely that Essenes could
38
25d possible Essene burials, perhaps one mile west of
Teach your children also,
36
would be “some creature like that monster.”
called “Essæi” (ὅσιοι) from their saintliness (though not exactly after the meaning of the
“new priest” whom the Lord shall raise up “shall open” (ἀνοίξει) “the gates of Paradise” (τὰς θύρας and perspectives are taught notably in families from an early age. The Testaments of the Twelve visited Palestine, adds more insight for us to contemplate the location of the Essenes: with Magen Broshi (1929-2020), I examine 39know, perhaps too little, about Essenes
enlivened by more recent claims. Examples would include Christopher Columbus’s report in his
is evident throughout history. The Jew feels God’s omniscient loving-kindness. The human cannot
be found in many villages within ancient Palestine. We now
τοῦ παραδείσου). Among a people oppressed consistently by foreign powers this divine promise Patriarchs preserves an early record of this custom: Greek language), they being eminently worshipers of God (θεραπευταί Θεον) — in the sense Jerusalem’s old walls. With Bargil Pixner (1921-2002), I studied possible Essene cisterns in
journal of seeing “mermaids,” and an authority in Florida in 1954 who supported the accounts of
so that they might have understanding throughout all their lives
survive or enjoy life without “hope.” at Qumran, Jericho, perhaps above Ein Gedi, southwest Jerusalem, and in the Galilee. In addition,
removes anguish and brings forward everlasting hope. Human perception of weakness and finitude as they ceaselessly read the Law of God. [A] number of men living in Syria and Palestine, over 4,000 according to my judgment, Mount Zion within the present Jerusalem Walls.
the St John’s River Serpent that he would not be “surprised at all” if in “the wilds of Florida” there
With this aside, which may have been unconsciously stimulated when I suddenly was face to face
… that they are anxious to keep their minds in a priestly state of holiness. They prefer to live
is evident throughout history. The Jew feels God’s omniscient loving-kindness. The human cannot Teach your children also, called “Essæi” (ὅσιοι) from their saintliness (though not exactly after the meaning of the with Magen Broshi (1929-2020), I examine 26
38
25d possible Essene burials, perhaps one mile west of
would be “some creature like that monster.”
36
As we conclude and peruse the lives of humans over the past four thousand years, and more,
According to the author of the Testament of Abraham, Paradise is open again and the Holy Ones [TLevi 13:1-2; Kee in OTP 1.792-93] in villages and avoid cities on account of the habitual wickedness of those who inhabit them, with a cobra that was the largest in captivity, we may continue with our questions. How can
39
Jerusalem’s old walls. With Bargil Pixner (1921-2002), I studied possible Essene cisterns in
survive or enjoy life without “hope.”

so that they might have understanding throughout all their lives
Greek language), they being eminently worshipers of God (θεραπευταί Θεον) — in the sense
th
th
nothing has or can drain the human’s ability to dream. While in the 16 and 17 centuries, the
are assembled there. Note TAb 20; the speaker is “the undefiled voice of the God and Father”: We all assume good parents want their “children” to “have understanding throughout all their knowing, as they do, that just as foul air breeds disease, so there is danger of contracting an storks fly from Amsterdam or Beijing to Australia, often stopping on the way in the Hula Valley
Mount Zion within the present Jerusalem Walls.

as they ceaselessly read the Law of God.
With this aside, which may have been unconsciously stimulated when I suddenly was face to face
… that they are anxious to keep their minds in a priestly state of holiness. They prefer to live
exploration of the sea was merely speculative, in the last few decades humans have discovered that
As we conclude and peruse the lives of humans over the past four thousand years, and more,
According to the author of the Testament of Abraham, Paradise is open again and the Holy Ones [TLevi 13:1-2; Kee in OTP 1.792-93] incurable disease of the soul from such bad associations. in Galilee; and how do they know the way without compasses? How are humans similar to animals
26
with a cobra that was the largest in captivity, we may continue with our questions. How can
in villages and avoid cities on account of the habitual wickedness of those who inhabit them,
scientific focused explorations have led to massive discoveries
th
th
nothing has or can drain the human’s ability to dream. While in the 16 and 17 centuries, the
storks fly from Amsterdam or Beijing to Australia, often stopping on the way in the Hula Valley
are assembled there. Note TAb 20; the speaker is “the undefiled voice of the God and Father”: lives.” Pausing to comprehend each word, I ponder why the author added “all.” Was he thinking knowing, as they do, that just as foul air breeds disease, so there is danger of contracting an and also different from them? When we are living during the centuries in which we have proven
Take, then, my friend Abraham into Paradise, where there are the tents of my righteous

exploration of the sea was merely speculative, in the last few decades humans have discovered that
ones and (where) the mansions of my holy ones, Isaac and Jacob, are in his bosom, where about the past, present, and future? The work is an apocalyptic testament so maybe the future Also, contemplate what Philo reported in Hypothetica 11.1-18, many of Philo’s comments are now the ability to annihilate all life and buildings, what advantage then do humans have? Are we
We all assume good parents want their “children” to “have understanding throughout all their
in Galilee; and how do they know the way without compasses? How are humans similar to animals
incurable disease of the soul from such bad associations.
humans obliterating the life-giving dimensions of our fragile earth? Did not the ancient
scientific focused explorations have led to massive discoveries
and also different from them? When we are living during the centuries in which we have proven
Take, then, my friend Abraham into Paradise, where there are the tents of my righteous sharpened his vision. Recall again his prophecy of a blessed future shared later: grounded in some Dead Sea Scrolls. Note Philo’s conclusion focused on the Essenes: Healthy lives demand lively dreams. All humanity must realize the dire consequences we are

lives.” Pausing to comprehend each word, I ponder why the author added “all.” Was he thinking
there is no toil, no grief, no moaning, but peace and exultation and endless life.

the ability to annihilate all life and buildings,
apocalyptists envision such a possible scenario? what advantage then do humans have? Are we
[TAb 20:14; E.P. Sanders in OTP 1.895]
ones and (where) the mansions of my holy ones, Isaac and Jacob, are in his bosom, where about the past, present, and future? The work is an apocalyptic testament so maybe the future Also, contemplate what Philo reported in Hypothetica 11.1-18, many of Philo’s comments are now spying and then endeavor to achieve the optimism that too many of us have lost.
Healthy lives demand lively dreams. All humanity must realize the dire consequences we are
there is no toil, no grief, no moaning, but peace and exultation and endless life.
Now, this is the enviable system of life of these Essenes, so that not only private individuals
And he will open the gates of Paradise,
[TAb 20:14; E.P. Sanders in OTP 1.895] sharpened his vision. Recall again his prophecy of a blessed future shared later: grounded in some Dead Sea Scrolls. Note Philo’s conclusion focused on the Essenes: humans obliterating the life-giving dimensions of our fragile earth? Did not the ancient
spying and then endeavor to achieve the optimism that too many of us have lost.
If we hear replies that categorize this hope as
apocalyptists envision such a possible scenario? unrealistic and unperceptive, we might reply by
And he will remove the threatening sword since Adam.
Fourth, the OTP is full of death bed scenes and reflections on finality. It seems that some passages

but even mighty kings, admiring the men, venerate their sect, and increase their dignity and

The author provides a clear description of the holy ones, here the patriarchs, who do not toil, grieve, And he will open the gates of Paradise, Now, this is the enviable system of life of these Essenes, so that not only private individuals observing the tectonic plates that separate the Americas from Europe and Africa are moving and

And he will permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
majesty in a still higher degree by their approbation and by the honors which they confer on
in our sacra scriptura imply that the patriarchs knew the time of their deaths. And is Death
or moan, but enjoy peace, exultation, and endless life. All the fears of humans are replaced by And he will remove the threatening sword since Adam. but even mighty kings, admiring the men, venerate their sect, and increase their dignity and If we hear replies that categorize this hope as unrealistic and unperceptive, we might reply by

[Two Anguiped Serpents pulling a chariot. Courtesy: Sienna Museum]
The author provides a clear description of the holy ones, here the patriarchs, who do not toil, grieve,
Fourth, the OTP is full of death bed scenes and reflections on finality. It seems that some passages
18
increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean by about 1.5 inches each year. That too is unexpected and
them. [11.18]
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]
imagined to visit humans to take souls to heaven? In one pseudepigraphon, Abraham refuses to

exultation and life without end. It is clear And he will permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life. majesty in a still higher degree by their approbation and by the honors which they confer on observing the tectonic plates that separate the Americas from Europe and Africa are moving and
or moan, but enjoy peace, exultation, and endless life. All the fears of humans are replaced by
in our sacra scriptura imply that the patriarchs knew the time of their deaths. And is Death
unperceived by human eyes.
allow his soul to be taken. Is it a gift to know when we are about to die? Is it a gift not to know the
[Two Anguiped Serpents pulling a chariot. Courtesy: Sienna Museum]
exultation and life without end. It is clear What a spectacular promise: “a new priest” will arise and “open the gates of Paradise.” Then, In our culture, many are confused by the account in Genesis in which the serpent is cursed and increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean by about 1.5 inches each year. That too is unexpected and
18
imagined to visit humans to take souls to heaven? In one pseudepigraphon, Abraham refuses to
them. [11.18]
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]

unperceived by human eyes.

must now “walk on his belly” [ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ךנחְג־לַּע]. Distant mythology and ancient art, see above, often
Do the Apocalyptists Urge us to Live Elsewhere? amazingly, “the Holy Ones” will “eat from the tree of life.” Jews and Christians survived because Perhaps, Philo may be remembering how King Herod seems to have admired the Essenes. Why? specific day and hour when one will die?
ֹ
ְ
allow his soul to be taken. Is it a gift to know when we are about to die? Is it a gift not to know the

In our culture, many are confused by the account in Genesis in which the serpent is cursed and
Epilogue
It is perhaps, because Herod shared with the Essenes a common enemy: the Hasmoneans.

Do the Apocalyptists Urge us to Live Elsewhere?

imagine a serpent with feet. He lost it in the Fall: ֙הָתַּא רוּ ָ֤ ראָ ֒תאֹ ז ָתי ִּ֣שָׂע יִּ֣כּ ׁ֮שָחָנַּה־לַֽ ֶא ׀םיִֵּּ֥הלֱֹא הָ֨וֹ הְי ֩רֶמאֹ יַּו
Those who have not comprehended the apocalypses err by claiming the dreamy apocalyptists What a spectacular promise: “a new priest” will arise and “open the gates of Paradise.” Then, Perhaps, Philo may be remembering how King Herod seems to have admired the Essenes. Why? specific day and hour when one will die?

ֹ
ְ
must now “walk on his belly” [ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ ךנחְג־לַּע]. Distant mythology and ancient art, see above, often
If the cultural achievements and dreams of the early Jews did not billow up in smoke in September
they believed – and lived – that expectation.

Those who have not comprehended the apocalypses err by claiming the dreamy apocalyptists amazingly, “the Holy Ones” will “eat from the tree of life.” Jews and Christians survived because It is perhaps, because Herod shared with the Essenes a common enemy: the Hasmoneans. Epilogue
ֹ
ְ
ְ
ָ

ֹ
׃ךיֶיַּח יֵּ֥ מי־לָכּ לַָּּ֖כאת רֵָּ֥פָעְו ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ךנחְג־לַּע הֶּ֑דָשַּה תַּ֣יַּח ל ָּ֖ ֹ כִּּמוּ ה ָ֔מ הְבַּה־לָכִּּמ. καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ ὄφει Ὅτι יַּו
ַֽ imagine a serpent with feet. He lost it in the Fall: ֙הָתַּא רוּ ָ֤ ראָ ֒תאֹ ז ָתי ִּ֣שָׂע יִּ֣כּ ׁ֮שָחָנַּה־לַֽ ֶא ׀םיִֵּּ֥הלֱֹא הָ֨וֹ הְי ֩רֶמאֹ

mislead us, because we must not live as if the far-off-world is our only abode. Let us not forget
If the cultural achievements and dreams of the early Jews did not billow up in smoke in September
mislead us, because we must not live as if the far-off-world is our only abode. Let us not forget they believed – and lived – that expectation. Most of the leading scholars today concur that the Essenes left the cities of Palestine and lived in 70 CE, they practically vanished by the middle of the second century CE. During the following

ְ
׃ךיֶיַּח יֵּ֥ מי־לָכּ לַָּּ֖כאת רֵָּ֥פָעְו ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ ךנחְג־לַּע ה ֶּ֑דָשַּה תַּ֣יַּח ל ָּ֖ ֹ כִּּמוּ ה ָ֔מ הְבַּה־לָכִּּמ. καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ ὄφει Ὅτι
ֹ
ַֽ
ָ

ֹ
ְ
that almost always, the apocalyptic seer returns to earth to instruct and fill the faithful with hope. ἐποίησας τοῦτο, ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς,
period, apocalyptic hopeful expectations and cosmological speculations were demoted then
70 CE, they practically vanished by the middle of the second century CE. During the following
villages. Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus lived from c. 23 to 79 CE) locates some of them
that almost always, the apocalyptic seer returns to earth to instruct and fill the faithful with hope.
ἐποίησας τοῦτο, ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς,
ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει σου καὶ τῇ κοιλίᾳ πορεύσῃ [Gen 3:14]. The ancient artists and the author of Genesis

Recall 1 Enoch 104: What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? Most of the leading scholars today concur that the Essenes left the cities of Palestine and lived in 24 John Ashton, Curious Creatures in Zoology (London: John C. Nimmo, 1890). He began his book as follows:
period, apocalyptic hopeful expectations and cosmological speculations were demoted then
Recall 1 Enoch 104:
west of the Dead Sea and reports: “Below them was En-gedi” (Natural History 5.15.73). Pliny’s
villages. Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus lived from c. 23 to 79 CE) locates some of them
24
3 assume that the serpent once had feet but it must now crawl “on its breast” ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει (cf. 2
“TRAVELLERS see strange things.” He added that their claims were not “put under the microscope of modern
John Ashton, Curious Creatures in Zoology (London: John C. Nimmo, 1890). He began his book as follows:
I remember the first PhD seminar I taught at Duke University in the early 1970s on the Old ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει σου καὶ τῇ κοιλίᾳ πορεύσῃ [Gen 3:14]. The ancient artists and the author of Genesis
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
west of the Dead Sea and reports: “Below them was En-gedi” (Natural History 5.15.73). Pliny’s
37

description lacks clarity. Did Pliny mean Ein Gedi (يدج نيع ,יִּדֶג ןי ע) was at a lower elevation or
3 assume that the serpent once had feet but it must now crawl “on its breast” ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει (cf. 2
23
scientific examination.” ange things.” He added that their claims were not “put under the microscope of modern
“TRAVELLERS see str
Now fear not, righteous ones, when you see the sinners waxing strong and I remember the first PhD seminar I taught at Duke University in the early 1970s on the Old Enoch, History of the Rechabites). 37 From Y. Aharoni, “Archaeological Survey of 'Ein Gedi,” Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 22 (1958) 27
Now fear not, righteous ones, when you see the sinners waxing strong and
Testament Pseudepigrapha. More than 50 books had to be placed on reserve so the students could
25 scientific examination.”
23
Enoch, History of the Rechabites).
description lacks clarity. Did Pliny mean Ein Gedi (يدج نيع ,יִּדֶג ןי ע) was at a lower elevation or
“Big Dough Offered For the Monster,” Orlando Sentinel (October 22, 1953). From 1954 to 1960, I explored the
[in Hebrew]. See esp. Yizhar Hirschfeld, Ein-Gedi Excavations I: Final Report (Jerusalem; Israel Exploration Society,
From Y. Aharoni, “Archaeological Survey of 'Ein Gedi,” Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 22 (1958) 27
flourishing, do not be partners with them, but keep far away from those who Testament Pseudepigrapha. More than 50 books had to be placed on reserve so the students could that it was to the south. Above Ein Gedi are huts that Yizhar Hirschfield (1950-2006) imagined 25 “Big Dough Offered For the Monster,” Orlando Sentinel (October 22, 1953). From 1954 to 1960, I explored the
flourishing, do not be partners with them, but keep far away from those who
read translations of the works; there was no definition of this genre and no published collection
[in Hebrew]. See esp. Yizhar Hirschfeld, Ein-Gedi Excavations I: Final Report (Jerusalem; Israel Exploration Society,
2007).
Everglades and I was often fueled by apparently wise counsel.
that it was to the south. Above Ein Gedi are huts that Yizhar Hirschfield (1950-2006) imagined
Ancient mythology is sometimes not so ancient. In 1890 John Ashton’s Curious Creatures in
lean onto their own injustice; for you are to be partners with the good-hearted read translations of the works; there was no definition of this genre and no published collection may have belonged to Essenes: 38 2007).
lean onto their own injustice; for you are to be partners with the good-hearted
26 Everglades and I was often fueled by apparently wise counsel.
Ancient mythology is sometimes not so ancient. In 1890 John Ashton’s Curious Creatures in
except, perhaps, Johann Albert Fabricius’ collection in Latin, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris
I have been influenced by M. Broshi and S. Gibson, “Excavations Along the Western and Southern Walls of the
See the opening of and the information in Charlesworth, “Phenomenology, Symbology, and Lexicography: The
may have belonged to Essenes:
We may assume that the inhabitants of these cells were Jews, since the site was part of the
26
people of heaven. [1En 104:6; Isaac in OTP 1.85] except, perhaps, Johann Albert Fabricius’ collection in Latin, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris Zoology imagined that: 38 See the opening of and the information in Charlesworth, “Phenomenology, Symbology, and Lexicography: The
I have been influenced by M. Broshi and S. Gibson, “Excavations Along the Western and Southern Walls of the
people of heaven. [1En 104:6; Isaac in OTP 1.85]
Testamenti in 1713 and Jacques-Paul Migne’s French collection in Dictionnaire des apocryphes
Zoology imagined that:
Old City of Jerusalem,” Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, edited by Hillel Geva (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
Amazingly Rich Vocabulary for ‘Serpent’ in Ancient Greek,” Revue biblique 111 (2004) 499-515. Also see,
Testamenti in 1713 and Jacques-Paul Migne’s French collection in Dictionnaire des apocryphes We may assume that the inhabitants of these cells were Jews, since the site was part of the Amazingly Rich Vocabulary for ‘Serpent’ in Ancient Greek,” Revue biblique 111 (2004) 499-515. Also see,
Old City of Jerusalem,” Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, edited by Hillel Geva (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
Ein Gedi oasis, which was situated nearby a Jewish village (mentioned by Josephus Flavius
1994) pp. 147-155.
Charlesworth, The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. The Anchor Yale Bible
in 1856. R.H. Charles’ monumental volumes in 1913, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the
1994) pp. 147-155.
The Boas Serpent which Italy doth breede,
in the first century and by Eusebius in the early fourth century). The installations and small
in 1856. R.H. Charles’ monumental volumes in 1913, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Ein Gedi oasis, which was situated nearby a Jewish village (mentioned by Josephus Flavius Charlesworth, The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. The Anchor Yale Bible
39
Reference Library. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010) and Charlesworth, “Teologia biblica e simbolismo del
The Boas Serpent which Italy doth breede,
B. Pixner, With Jesus In Jerusalem: His First and Last Days in Judea (Rosh Pina, Israel: Corazin Publishing, 1996).
Old Testament were out-of-print and widely considered an abridged version of the ill-defined in the first century and by Eusebius in the early fourth century). The installations and small 39 B. Pixner, With Jesus In Jerusalem: His First and Last Days in Judea (Rosh Pina, Israel: Corazin Publishing, 1996).
Reference Library. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010) and Charlesworth, “Teologia biblica e simbolismo del
Old Testament were out-of-print and widely considered an abridged version of the ill-defined
artifacts found inside the cells indicate that the
Men say, upon the milke of Cowes doth feede. inhabitants lived in these as permanent
serpente,” in Voci dall’area santuariale di Lanuvium: Un percorso storico- religioso con ricadute nel presente, edited
Men say, upon the milke of Cowes doth feede.
Esp. see, Pixner, “Jerusalem’s Essene Gateway: Where the Community Lived in Jesus’ Time," Biblical
Esp. see, Pixner, “Jerusalem’s Essene Gateway: Where the Community Lived in Jesus’ Time," Biblical
artifacts found inside the cells indicate that the inhabitants lived in these as permanent serpente,” in Voci dall’area santuariale di Lanuvium: Un percorso storico- religioso con ricadute nel presente, edited
by Marcello Del Verme. (Bornato in Franciacorta: Sardini Editrice, 2013) pp. 81-114 with illustrations. [= Biblia e
by Marcello Del Verme. (Bornato in Franciacorta: Sardini Editrice, 2013) pp. 81-114 with illustrations. [= Biblia e
Archaeological Review 23 (1997) 22–31. I relish the years shared with Bargil in Galilee and Jerusalem and the
Archaeological Review 23 (1997) 22–31. I relish the years shared with Bargil in Galilee and Jerusalem and the
Oriente 55, 255-256].
17

Oriente 55, 255-256].
evenings with him and his colleagues in the Benedictine Dominion Abbey in Jerusalem. With him, I have endeavored
For the Syriac text, see S. Dedering, “Apocalypse of Baruch,” Vetus Testamentum Syriace (Leiden: Brill, 1973) p.
evenings with him and his colleagues in the Benedictine Dominion Abbey in Jerusalem. With him, I have endeavored
17 For the Syriac text, see S. Dedering, “Apocalypse of Baruch,” Vetus Testamentum Syriace (Leiden: Brill, 1973) p. 18 I endeavor to reserve “shall” for God’s actions. 23 36 I corrected the Greek. to stress the Jewishness of Jesus and commonality today between Jews and Christians.
18
36
[2].
23
to stress the Jewishness of Jesus and commonality today between Jews and Christians.
I endeavor to reserve “shall” for God’s actions.
Often, I cite the Septuagint because its text is often older and better than the Masoretic Text.
Often, I cite the Septuagint because its text is often older and better than the Masoretic Text.
I corrected the Greek.
[2].
13 24 17