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Boa quidem serpens quem tellus Itala nutrit
Personally, I follow most scholars who conclude that Josephus’ identity of the authors of some dwellings for a relatively long period. They were not seasonal workers, for if they were we (2Bar 4:2-7). Why? It is because the Lord God took Paradise away from Adam and all his Is that not clear? Is that dream not uplifting? We do all see “the sinners waxing strong.” How do
24
17
Hunc bubulum plures lac enutrire docent.
Dead Sea Scrolls and the collectors of the “Qumran Library” were Essenes. Hippolytus of Rome would most probably find similar sites in other parts of the oasis as well. All features of the descendants, even Noah (ܒܐܕ ܐܤܝܕܪܦ ܗܢܡ ܗܠ ܬܙܠܓܬܐ.ܟܝܐ 2Bar 4:3). we inculcate being partners with the “people of heaven”?
(c. 170 – c. 255 CE) adds credulity to Josephus’ report and corrects some of his evaluations: site its location above Ein Gedi, simplicity, and unique nature conform to Pliny the Elder’s
Ashton also quoted Pliny: “The blood of a serpent is more precious than Balsamum, and if you Our dream literature eventually describes Paradise as open and waiting for us. Recall this poignant Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
(d. 79 A.D.) famous passage on the Essenes, which he describes as a celibate group of men,

None among them [the Essenes] is richer than the other; for the law with them is that
living on the western shore of the Dead Sea, who have no money only palm trees for
passage in the Testament of Levi:
Boa quidem serpens quem tellus Itala nutrit
dwellings for a relatively long period. They were not seasonal workers, for if they were we

Is that not clear? Is that dream not uplifting? We do all see “the sinners waxing strong.” How do
Personally, I follow most scholars who conclude that Josephus’ identity of the authors of some annoynt your lips with a little of it, they will looke passing redde: and, if the face be annoynted (2Bar 4:2-7). Why? It is because the Lord God took Paradise away from Adam and all his Some nations rise and fall because of their military might; those nations would include, at least,
company. He concludes by saying that below them lies Ein Gedi, which in his times was
whosoever joins their order must sell his possessions and hand the proceeds over to the
17

Hunc bubulum plures lac enutrire docent.
would most probably find similar sites in other parts of the oasis as well. All features of the
24
we inculcate being partners with the “people of heaven”?
Dead Sea Scrolls and the collectors of the “Qumran Library” were Essenes. Hippolytus of Rome therewith, it will receive no spot or fleck, but causeth it to have an orient and beautiful hue.” Ashton descendants, even Noah (ܒܐܕ ܐܤܝܕܪܦ ܗܢܡ ܗܠ ܬܙܠܓܬܐ.ܟܝܐ 2Bar 4:3). the early Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Huns, Mongols, and well
37
common stock; and the leader distributes it to all [other Essenes] according to their need.
"a heap of ashes" (Pliny, Natural History, V, xv.73; trans. By H. Rackham).

site its location above Ein Gedi, simplicity, and unique nature conform to Pliny the Elder’s
(c. 170 – c. 255 CE) adds credulity to Josephus’ report and corrects some of his evaluations: apparently accepted these wild myths as truthful: “Hitherto we have only seen that side of a And he shall open the gates of Paradise, as the more recent Nazis. The ancient “heroes” were renowned because of great warriors like
Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth?
(d. 79 A.D.) famous passage on the Essenes, which he describes as a celibate group of men,

Dragon’s temperament that is inimical to man, but there are stories, equally veracious, of their
Hippolytus continues adding a comment important for us now: “They have no special city Ashton also quoted Pliny: “The blood of a serpent is more precious than Balsamum, and if you Our dream literature eventually describes Paradise as open and waiting for us. Recall this poignant Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. These nations and warriors, once powerful,
And he shall remove the threatening sword since Adam.

living on the western shore of the Dead Sea, who have no money only palm trees for
[or village] of their own, but live in large numbers in different cities [or villages] …
None among them [the Essenes] is richer than the other; for the law with them is that annoynt your lips with a little of it, they will looke passing redde: and, if the face be annoynted passage in the Testament of Levi: Some nations rise and fall because of their military might; those nations would include, at least,
are in our proverbial review mirrors and lost in the dust behind.
affection and love for men, women, and children: How they, by kindness, may be tamed, and
Hirschfield showed me his discovery at Ein Gedi which he called the “Essene Village,” and I was

And he shall permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
company. He concludes by saying that below them lies Ein Gedi, which in his times was
whosoever joins their order must sell his possessions and hand the proceeds over to the therewith, it will receive no spot or fleck, but causeth it to have an orient and beautiful hue.” Ashton [TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation] the early Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Huns, Mongols, and well

Particularly firm is their doctrine of resurrection; they believe that the flesh will rise again
brought into kindly relations with the human species.” These claims, barely a century old (from
impressed with this brilliant man and enjoyed the years we shared together in many ancient sites
37
"a heap of ashes" (Pliny, Natural History, V, xv.73; trans. By H. Rackham).
common stock; and the leader distributes it to all [other Essenes] according to their need. apparently accepted these wild myths as truthful: “Hitherto we have only seen that side of a And he shall open the gates of Paradise, as the more recent Nazis. The ancient “heroes” were renowned because of great warriors like
The Jews and Christians share a different concept of greatness. They have survived for millennia
and then be immortal like the soul.”
1890 until today), have continued to shape the minds of too many today.
within modern Israel, but conceivably the huts may have belonged to Jewish simple farmers. He
And he shall remove the threatening sword since Adam.
Hippolytus continues adding a comment important for us now: “They have no special city Dragon’s temperament that is inimical to man, but there are stories, equally veracious, of their The author of this pseudepigraphon, as with many Semites, occasionally fails to make it pellucidly Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Khan. These nations and warriors, once powerful,
fundamentally because of morality, human values, and expectations and dreams. Many who read

and I would appreciate careful responses to his hypothesis.

affection and love for men, women, and children: How they, by kindness, may be tamed, and
And he shall permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
[or village] of their own, but live in large numbers in different cities [or villages] …
my words would add, by the continuing presence and unlimited power of the Creator. These rules
In Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit paragraph 12, Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE to 50 CE), who Hirschfield showed me his discovery at Ein Gedi which he called the “Essene Village,” and I was clear who is the speaker. Most likely, Levi is the intended speaker. He informs his sons that the are in our proverbial review mirrors and lost in the dust behind.
Such unfounded claims from ancient mythology and Victorian Cryptozoology are enriched and
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]
These diverse ancient and modern reports on the Essenes make it highly likely that Essenes could

brought into kindly relations with the human species.” These claims, barely a century old (from
Particularly firm is their doctrine of resurrection; they believe that the flesh will rise again
impressed with this brilliant man and enjoyed the years we shared together in many ancient sites
visited Palestine, adds more insight for us to contemplate the location of the Essenes: enlivened by more recent claims. Examples would include Christopher Columbus’s report in his “new priest” whom the Lord shall raise up “shall open” (ἀνοίξει) “the gates of Paradise” (τὰς θύρας and perspectives are taught notably in families from an early age. The Testaments of the Twelve

1890 until today), have continued to shape the minds of too many today.
The Jews and Christians share a different concept of greatness. They have survived for millennia
and then be immortal like the soul.”
be found in many villages within ancient Palestine. We now know, perhaps too little, about Essenes
within modern Israel, but conceivably the huts may have belonged to Jewish simple farmers. He The author of this pseudepigraphon, as with many Semites, occasionally fails to make it pellucidly Patriarchs preserves an early record of this custom:
journal of seeing “mermaids,” and an authority in Florida in 1954 who supported the accounts of
τοῦ παραδείσου). Among a people oppressed consistently by foreign powers this divine promise

fundamentally because of morality, human values, and expectations and dreams. Many who read
and I would appreciate careful responses to his hypothesis.
at Qumran, Jericho, perhaps above Ein Gedi, southwest Jerusalem, and in the Galilee. In addition,
[A] number of men living in Syria and Palestine, over 4,000 according to my judgment,
Such unfounded claims from ancient mythology and Victorian Cryptozoology are enriched and
In Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit paragraph 12, Philo of Alexandria (c. 20 BCE to 50 CE), who the St John’s River Serpent that he would not be “surprised at all” if in “the wilds of Florida” there clear who is the speaker. Most likely, Levi is the intended speaker. He informs his sons that the my words would add, by the continuing presence and unlimited power of the Creator. These rules
removes anguish and brings forward everlasting hope. Human perception of weakness and finitude
These diverse ancient and modern reports on the Essenes make it highly likely that Essenes could
38
with Magen Broshi (1929-2020), I examine
25d possible Essene burials, perhaps one mile west of
36
Teach your children also,
called “Essæi” (ὅσιοι) from their saintliness (though not exactly after the meaning of the
enlivened by more recent claims. Examples would include Christopher Columbus’s report in his
visited Palestine, adds more insight for us to contemplate the location of the Essenes: would be “some creature like that monster.” 39know, perhaps too little, about Essenes “new priest” whom the Lord shall raise up “shall open” (ἀνοίξει) “the gates of Paradise” (τὰς θύρας and perspectives are taught notably in families from an early age. The Testaments of the Twelve
is evident throughout history. The Jew feels God’s omniscient loving-kindness. The human cannot
be found in many villages within ancient Palestine. We now
journal of seeing “mermaids,” and an authority in Florida in 1954 who supported the accounts of
so that they might have understanding throughout all their lives
Greek language), they being eminently worshipers of God (θεραπευταί Θεον) — in the sense Jerusalem’s old walls. With Bargil Pixner (1921-2002), I studied possible Essene cisterns in τοῦ παραδείσου). Among a people oppressed consistently by foreign powers this divine promise Patriarchs preserves an early record of this custom:
survive or enjoy life without “hope.”
at Qumran, Jericho, perhaps above Ein Gedi, southwest Jerusalem, and in the Galilee. In addition,
the St John’s River Serpent that he would not be “surprised at all” if in “the wilds of Florida” there
[A] number of men living in Syria and Palestine, over 4,000 according to my judgment, Mount Zion within the present Jerusalem Walls. removes anguish and brings forward everlasting hope. Human perception of weakness and finitude as they ceaselessly read the Law of God.
… that they are anxious to keep their minds in a priestly state of holiness. They prefer to live
With this aside, which may have been unconsciously stimulated when I suddenly was face to face
38

25d possible Essene burials, perhaps one mile west of
would be “some creature like that monster.”
36
called “Essæi” (ὅσιοι) from their saintliness (though not exactly after the meaning of the with Magen Broshi (1929-2020), I examine 26 39 is evident throughout history. The Jew feels God’s omniscient loving-kindness. The human cannot Teach your children also,
As we conclude and peruse the lives of humans over the past four thousand years, and more,
[TLevi 13:1-2; Kee in OTP 1.792-93]
in villages and avoid cities on account of the habitual wickedness of those who inhabit them,
with a cobra that was the largest in captivity, we may continue with our questions. How can

survive or enjoy life without “hope.”
Greek language), they being eminently worshipers of God (θεραπευταί Θεον) — in the sense Jerusalem’s old walls. With Bargil Pixner (1921-2002), I studied possible Essene cisterns in According to the author of the Testament of Abraham, Paradise is open again and the Holy Ones so that they might have understanding throughout all their lives
th
th
nothing has or can drain the human’s ability to dream. While in the 16 and 17 centuries, the
knowing, as they do, that just as foul air breeds disease, so there is danger of contracting an
storks fly from Amsterdam or Beijing to Australia, often stopping on the way in the Hula Valley

With this aside, which may have been unconsciously stimulated when I suddenly was face to face
as they ceaselessly read the Law of God.
… that they are anxious to keep their minds in a priestly state of holiness. They prefer to live Mount Zion within the present Jerusalem Walls. are assembled there. Note TAb 20; the speaker is “the undefiled voice of the God and Father”: We all assume good parents want their “children” to “have understanding throughout all their
exploration of the sea was merely speculative, in the last few decades humans have discovered that
in Galilee; and how do they know the way without compasses? How are humans similar to animals
incurable disease of the soul from such bad associations.
with a cobra that was the largest in captivity, we may continue with our questions. How can
[TLevi 13:1-2; Kee in OTP 1.792-93]
26
scientific focused explorations have led to massive discoveries
in villages and avoid cities on account of the habitual wickedness of those who inhabit them, As we conclude and peruse the lives of humans over the past four thousand years, and more, According to the author of the Testament of Abraham, Paradise is open again and the Holy Ones lives.” Pausing to comprehend each word, I ponder why the author added “all.” Was he thinking
and also different from them? When we are living during the centuries in which we have proven
th
nothing has or can drain the human’s ability to dream. While in the 16 and 17 centuries, the
th
are assembled there. Note TAb 20; the speaker is “the undefiled voice of the God and Father”:
storks fly from Amsterdam or Beijing to Australia, often stopping on the way in the Hula Valley
Take, then, my friend Abraham into Paradise, where there are the tents of my righteous

knowing, as they do, that just as foul air breeds disease, so there is danger of contracting an
Also, contemplate what Philo reported in Hypothetica 11.1-18, many of Philo’s comments are now the ability to annihilate all life and buildings, what advantage then do humans have? Are we ones and (where) the mansions of my holy ones, Isaac and Jacob, are in his bosom, where about the past, present, and future? The work is an apocalyptic testament so maybe the future
exploration of the sea was merely speculative, in the last few decades humans have discovered that
in Galilee; and how do they know the way without compasses? How are humans similar to animals
We all assume good parents want their “children” to “have understanding throughout all their
incurable disease of the soul from such bad associations.
grounded in some Dead Sea Scrolls. Note Philo’s conclusion focused on the Essenes: Healthy lives demand lively dreams. All humanity must realize the dire consequences we are Take, then, my friend Abraham into Paradise, where there are the tents of my righteous sharpened his vision. Recall again his prophecy of a blessed future shared later:
humans obliterating the life-giving dimensions of our fragile earth? Did not the ancient
scientific focused explorations have led to massive discoveries
and also different from them? When we are living during the centuries in which we have proven
lives.” Pausing to comprehend each word, I ponder why the author added “all.” Was he thinking

there is no toil, no grief, no moaning, but peace and exultation and endless life.
Also, contemplate what Philo reported in Hypothetica 11.1-18, many of Philo’s comments are now spying and then endeavor to achieve the optimism that too many of us have lost. ones and (where) the mansions of my holy ones, Isaac and Jacob, are in his bosom, where about the past, present, and future? The work is an apocalyptic testament so maybe the future

the ability to annihilate all life and buildings,
apocalyptists envision such a possible scenario? what advantage then do humans have? Are we
[TAb 20:14; E.P. Sanders in OTP 1.895]
And he will open the gates of Paradise,
Now, this is the enviable system of life of these Essenes, so that not only private individuals
humans obliterating the life-giving dimensions of our fragile earth? Did not the ancient
grounded in some Dead Sea Scrolls. Note Philo’s conclusion focused on the Essenes: Healthy lives demand lively dreams. All humanity must realize the dire consequences we are there is no toil, no grief, no moaning, but peace and exultation and endless life. sharpened his vision. Recall again his prophecy of a blessed future shared later:

If we hear replies that categorize this hope as
apocalyptists envision such a possible scenario? unrealistic and unperceptive, we might reply by
Fourth, the OTP is full of death bed scenes and reflections on finality. It seems that some passages
but even mighty kings, admiring the men, venerate their sect, and increase their dignity and spying and then endeavor to achieve the optimism that too many of us have lost. [TAb 20:14; E.P. Sanders in OTP 1.895] And he will remove the threatening sword since Adam.

Now, this is the enviable system of life of these Essenes, so that not only private individuals observing the tectonic plates that separate the Americas from Europe and Africa are moving and The author provides a clear description of the holy ones, here the patriarchs, who do not toil, grieve, And he will open the gates of Paradise,
And he will permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
majesty in a still higher degree by their approbation and by the honors which they confer on
in our sacra scriptura imply that the patriarchs knew the time of their deaths. And is Death

[Two Anguiped Serpents pulling a chariot. Courtesy: Sienna Museum]
The author provides a clear description of the holy ones, here the patriarchs, who do not toil, grieve,
Fourth, the OTP is full of death bed scenes and reflections on finality. It seems that some passages
but even mighty kings, admiring the men, venerate their sect, and increase their dignity and If we hear replies that categorize this hope as unrealistic and unperceptive, we might reply by or moan, but enjoy peace, exultation, and endless life. All the fears of humans are replaced by And he will remove the threatening sword since Adam.
18
increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean by about 1.5 inches each year. That too is unexpected and
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]
them. [11.18]
imagined to visit humans to take souls to heaven? In one pseudepigraphon, Abraham refuses to
observing the tectonic plates that separate the Americas from Europe and Africa are moving and exultation and life without end. It is clear And he will permit the Holy Ones to eat from the tree of life.
or moan, but enjoy peace, exultation, and endless life. All the fears of humans are replaced by
in our sacra scriptura imply that the patriarchs knew the time of their deaths. And is Death
majesty in a still higher degree by their approbation and by the honors which they confer on
allow his soul to be taken. Is it a gift to know when we are about to die? Is it a gift not to know the
In our culture, many are confused by the account in Genesis in which the serpent is cursed and unperceived by human eyes. exultation and life without end. It is clear What a spectacular promise: “a new priest” will arise and “open the gates of Paradise.” Then,
[Two Anguiped Serpents pulling a chariot. Courtesy: Sienna Museum]
increasing the size of the Atlantic Ocean by about 1.5 inches each year. That too is unexpected and
imagined to visit humans to take souls to heaven? In one pseudepigraphon, Abraham refuses to
18
them. [11.18]
[TLevi 18:10-11; my new translation]

Perhaps, Philo may be remembering how King Herod seems to have admired the Essenes. Why?
specific day and hour when one will die?
ֹ

must now “walk on his belly” [ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ךנחְג־לַּע]. Distant mythology and ancient art, see above, often
ְ
allow his soul to be taken. Is it a gift to know when we are about to die? Is it a gift not to know the

Do the Apocalyptists Urge us to Live Elsewhere?
In our culture, many are confused by the account in Genesis in which the serpent is cursed and
Epilogue
It is perhaps, because Herod shared with the Essenes a common enemy: the Hasmoneans.

Do the Apocalyptists Urge us to Live Elsewhere?

specific day and hour when one will die?
What a spectacular promise: “a new priest” will arise and “open the gates of Paradise.” Then,
imagine a serpent with feet. He lost it in the Fall: ֙הָתַּא רוּ ָ֤ ראָ ֒תאֹ ז ָתי ִּ֣שָׂע יִּ֣כּ ׁ֮שָחָנַּה־לַֽ ֶא ׀םיִֵּּ֥הלֱֹא הָ֨וֹ הְי ֩רֶמאֹ יַּו unperceived by human eyes. Those who have not comprehended the apocalypses err by claiming the dreamy apocalyptists amazingly, “the Holy Ones” will “eat from the tree of life.” Jews and Christians survived because
Perhaps, Philo may be remembering how King Herod seems to have admired the Essenes. Why?

must now “walk on his belly” [ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ ךנחְג־לַּע]. Distant mythology and ancient art, see above, often
ֹ
ְ
If the cultural achievements and dreams of the early Jews did not billow up in smoke in September
they believed – and lived – that expectation.

ְ
ֹ
It is perhaps, because Herod shared with the Essenes a common enemy: the Hasmoneans. Epilogue Those who have not comprehended the apocalypses err by claiming the dreamy apocalyptists amazingly, “the Holy Ones” will “eat from the tree of life.” Jews and Christians survived because

ְ
ָ
ֹ

׃ךיֶיַּח יֵּ֥ מי־לָכּ לַָּּ֖כאת רֵָּ֥פָעְו ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ךנחְג־לַּע הֶּ֑דָשַּה תַּ֣יַּח ל ָּ֖ ֹ כִּּמוּ ה ָ֔מ הְבַּה־לָכִּּמ. καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ ὄφει Ὅτι יַּו
ַֽ imagine a serpent with feet. He lost it in the Fall: ֙הָתַּא רוּ ָ֤ ראָ ֒תאֹ ז ָתי ִּ֣שָׂע יִּ֣כּ ׁ֮שָחָנַּה־לַֽ ֶא ׀םיִֵּּ֥הלֱֹא הָ֨וֹ הְי ֩רֶמאֹ

mislead us, because we must not live as if the far-off-world is our only abode. Let us not forget
Most of the leading scholars today concur that the Essenes left the cities of Palestine and lived in 70 CE, they practically vanished by the middle of the second century CE. During the following mislead us, because we must not live as if the far-off-world is our only abode. Let us not forget they believed – and lived – that expectation.
If the cultural achievements and dreams of the early Jews did not billow up in smoke in September

ἐποίησας τοῦτο, ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς,
ָ
ְ

ֹ
ְ
׃ךיֶיַּח יֵּ֥ מי־לָכּ לַָּּ֖כאת רֵָּ֥פָעְו ךְ ָ֔ל ת ֣ ךנחְג־לַּע ה ֶּ֑דָשַּה תַּ֣יַּח ל ָּ֖ ֹ כִּּמוּ ה ָ֔מ הְבַּה־לָכִּּמ. καὶ εἶπεν κύριος ὁ θεὸς τῷ ὄφει Ὅτι
ֹ
ַֽ
70 CE, they practically vanished by the middle of the second century CE. During the following
villages. Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus lived from c. 23 to 79 CE) locates some of them period, apocalyptic hopeful expectations and cosmological speculations were demoted then that almost always, the apocalyptic seer returns to earth to instruct and fill the faithful with hope.
that almost always, the apocalyptic seer returns to earth to instruct and fill the faithful with hope.
Most of the leading scholars today concur that the Essenes left the cities of Palestine and lived in
ἐποίησας τοῦτο, ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων τῆς γῆς,
24
ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει σου καὶ τῇ κοιλίᾳ πορεύσῃ [Gen 3:14]. The ancient artists and the author of Genesis

John Ashton, Curious Creatures in Zoology (London: John C. Nimmo, 1890). He began his book as follows:
Recall 1 Enoch 104:
west of the Dead Sea and reports: “Below them was En-gedi” (Natural History 5.15.73). Pliny’s period, apocalyptic hopeful expectations and cosmological speculations were demoted then Recall 1 Enoch 104: What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
villages. Pliny the Elder (Gaius Plinius Secundus lived from c. 23 to 79 CE) locates some of them

ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει σου καὶ τῇ κοιλίᾳ πορεύσῃ [Gen 3:14]. The ancient artists and the author of Genesis
24
3 assume that the serpent once had feet but it must now crawl “on its breast” ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει (cf. 2
“TRAVELLERS see strange things.” He added that their claims were not “put under the microscope of modern
John Ashton, Curious Creatures in Zoology (London: John C. Nimmo, 1890). He began his book as follows:
What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses?
west of the Dead Sea and reports: “Below them was En-gedi” (Natural History 5.15.73). Pliny’s I remember the first PhD seminar I taught at Duke University in the early 1970s on the Old
description lacks clarity. Did Pliny mean Ein Gedi (يدج نيع ,יִּדֶג ןי ע) was at a lower elevation or
37
3 assume that the serpent once had feet but it must now crawl “on its breast” ἐπὶ τῷ στήθει (cf. 2
“TRAVELLERS see str
23
scientific examination.” ange things.” He added that their claims were not “put under the microscope of modern
Enoch, History of the Rechabites).
From Y. Aharoni, “Archaeological Survey of 'Ein Gedi,” Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 22 (1958) 27
Now fear not, righteous ones, when you see the sinners waxing strong and
Testament Pseudepigrapha. More than 50 books had to be placed on reserve so the students could
23
25 scientific examination.”
description lacks clarity. Did Pliny mean Ein Gedi (يدج نيع ,יִּדֶג ןי ע) was at a lower elevation or
Enoch, History of the Rechabites). 37 From Y. Aharoni, “Archaeological Survey of 'Ein Gedi,” Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 22 (1958) 27 Now fear not, righteous ones, when you see the sinners waxing strong and I remember the first PhD seminar I taught at Duke University in the early 1970s on the Old
[in Hebrew]. See esp. Yizhar Hirschfeld, Ein-Gedi Excavations I: Final Report (Jerusalem; Israel Exploration Society,
“Big Dough Offered For the Monster,” Orlando Sentinel (October 22, 1953). From 1954 to 1960, I explored the
that it was to the south. Above Ein Gedi are huts that Yizhar Hirschfield (1950-2006) imagined
flourishing, do not be partners with them, but keep far away from those who
read translations of the works; there was no definition of this genre and no published collection
[in Hebrew]. See esp. Yizhar Hirschfeld, Ein-Gedi Excavations I: Final Report (Jerusalem; Israel Exploration Society,
Everglades and I was often fueled by apparently wise counsel.
2007).
that it was to the south. Above Ein Gedi are huts that Yizhar Hirschfield (1950-2006) imagined 25 “Big Dough Offered For the Monster,” Orlando Sentinel (October 22, 1953). From 1954 to 1960, I explored the flourishing, do not be partners with them, but keep far away from those who Testament Pseudepigrapha. More than 50 books had to be placed on reserve so the students could
may have belonged to Essenes:
Ancient mythology is sometimes not so ancient. In 1890 John Ashton’s Curious Creatures in
lean onto their own injustice; for you are to be partners with the good-hearted
38 2007).
except, perhaps, Johann Albert Fabricius’ collection in Latin, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris
Ancient mythology is sometimes not so ancient. In 1890 John Ashton’s Curious Creatures in 26 Everglades and I was often fueled by apparently wise counsel. lean onto their own injustice; for you are to be partners with the good-hearted read translations of the works; there was no definition of this genre and no published collection
See the opening of and the information in Charlesworth, “Phenomenology, Symbology, and Lexicography: The
I have been influenced by M. Broshi and S. Gibson, “Excavations Along the Western and Southern Walls of the
may have belonged to Essenes:
Zoology imagined that:
38
We may assume that the inhabitants of these cells were Jews, since the site was part of the
people of heaven. [1En 104:6; Isaac in OTP 1.85]
26
except, perhaps, Johann Albert Fabricius’ collection in Latin, Codex pseudepigraphus Veteris
I have been influenced by M. Broshi and S. Gibson, “Excavations Along the Western and Southern Walls of the
See the opening of and the information in Charlesworth, “Phenomenology, Symbology, and Lexicography: The
Old City of Jerusalem,” Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, edited by Hillel Geva (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
We may assume that the inhabitants of these cells were Jews, since the site was part of the
Zoology imagined that: Amazingly Rich Vocabulary for ‘Serpent’ in Ancient Greek,” Revue biblique 111 (2004) 499-515. Also see, people of heaven. [1En 104:6; Isaac in OTP 1.85] Testamenti in 1713 and Jacques-Paul Migne’s French collection in Dictionnaire des apocryphes
Amazingly Rich Vocabulary for ‘Serpent’ in Ancient Greek,” Revue biblique 111 (2004) 499-515. Also see,
Old City of Jerusalem,” Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, edited by Hillel Geva (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society,
Ein Gedi oasis, which was situated nearby a Jewish village (mentioned by Josephus Flavius
Testamenti in 1713 and Jacques-Paul Migne’s French collection in Dictionnaire des apocryphes

1994) pp. 147-155.
Charlesworth, The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. The Anchor Yale Bible
in 1856. R.H. Charles’ monumental volumes in 1913, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the
Charlesworth, The Good and Evil Serpent: How a Universal Symbol Became Christianized. The Anchor Yale Bible
in the first century and by Eusebius in the early fourth century). The installations and small
The Boas Serpent which Italy doth breede,
Ein Gedi oasis, which was situated nearby a Jewish village (mentioned by Josephus Flavius 1994) pp. 147-155. in 1856. R.H. Charles’ monumental volumes in 1913, The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the
39
Reference Library. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010) and Charlesworth, “Teologia biblica e simbolismo del
The Boas Serpent which Italy doth breede,
B. Pixner, With Jesus In Jerusalem: His First and Last Days in Judea (Rosh Pina, Israel: Corazin Publishing, 1996).
39
Old Testament were out-of-print and widely considered an abridged version of the ill-defined
in the first century and by Eusebius in the early fourth century). The installations and small
Reference Library. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010) and Charlesworth, “Teologia biblica e simbolismo del
B. Pixner, With Jesus In Jerusalem: His First and Last Days in Judea (Rosh Pina, Israel: Corazin Publishing, 1996).
Men say, upon the milke of Cowes doth feede. inhabitants lived in these as permanent
Esp. see, Pixner, “Jerusalem’s Essene Gateway: Where the Community Lived in Jesus’ Time," Biblical
artifacts found inside the cells indicate that the serpente,” in Voci dall’area santuariale di Lanuvium: Un percorso storico- religioso con ricadute nel presente, edited Old Testament were out-of-print and widely considered an abridged version of the ill-defined
Men say, upon the milke of Cowes doth feede.
serpente,” in Voci dall’area santuariale di Lanuvium: Un percorso storico- religioso con ricadute nel presente, edited
artifacts found inside the cells indicate that the inhabitants lived in these as permanent
Esp. see, Pixner, “Jerusalem’s Essene Gateway: Where the Community Lived in Jesus’ Time," Biblical
by Marcello Del Verme. (Bornato in Franciacorta: Sardini Editrice, 2013) pp. 81-114 with illustrations. [= Biblia e
by Marcello Del Verme. (Bornato in Franciacorta: Sardini Editrice, 2013) pp. 81-114 with illustrations. [= Biblia e
Archaeological Review 23 (1997) 22–31. I relish the years shared with Bargil in Galilee and Jerusalem and the
Archaeological Review 23 (1997) 22–31. I relish the years shared with Bargil in Galilee and Jerusalem and the
17

Oriente 55, 255-256].

Oriente 55, 255-256].
evenings with him and his colleagues in the Benedictine Dominion Abbey in Jerusalem. With him, I have endeavored
For the Syriac text, see S. Dedering, “Apocalypse of Baruch,” Vetus Testamentum Syriace (Leiden: Brill, 1973) p.
evenings with him and his colleagues in the Benedictine Dominion Abbey in Jerusalem. With him, I have endeavored
23 36 I corrected the Greek. to stress the Jewishness of Jesus and commonality today between Jews and Christians. 17 For the Syriac text, see S. Dedering, “Apocalypse of Baruch,” Vetus Testamentum Syriace (Leiden: Brill, 1973) p. 18 I endeavor to reserve “shall” for God’s actions.
18
[2].
36
23
Often, I cite the Septuagint because its text is often older and better than the Masoretic Text.
I endeavor to reserve “shall” for God’s actions.
to stress the Jewishness of Jesus and commonality today between Jews and Christians.
I corrected the Greek.
Often, I cite the Septuagint because its text is often older and better than the Masoretic Text.
[2].
16 25 12
Fifth, are there other worlds? When I began in astrophysics, we knew about only seven planets. Constantinopolitan Creed those confessing belief in Jesus did not want simply to equate Jesus with corpus. I discovered that the lead plates of Charles’ volumes had been melted down to make bullets who dismiss the description of the serpent in Genesis as fictious need to continue reading and
mistakes. What wisdom disappeared in smoke when the great libraries, like the one in Alexandria,
trusted. When he declared creation “good” and “very good” God knew, according to the priestly
scribes, that human destiny would be beatific.
were burned?
All were in our solar system. Now, today, we know about millions of planets. Are not some of God. Did not the earliest Christians affirm that Jesus was “crucified, dead and buried” and in the Great War. All students preferred translations in English; moreover, virtually no reliable text studying.

them inhabited by beings somewhat like us? If UFO’s are real and represent life from elsewhere, represented God on earth. The highest Christology in the New Testament is in the Gospel of Saint editions were published for many of the documents I was convinced should be included in the who dismiss the description of the serpent in Genesis as fictious need to continue reading and

3. Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? Yes, that is characteristic of the
did any who composed the Bible or the pseudepigraphical and apocryphal books intimate such John; and in this masterpiece, Jesus is celebrated with the asyndetic affirmation? Two nouns are corpus we all called “the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.” studying.
I have heard the tale of an old native American who, centuries ago, was leading his tribe from cold
major apocalypses. But we should also add that the apocalypses ultimately revealed the importance not separated but side by side: “the Logos Word became flesh”; subsequently, Jesus collapsed, corpus. I discovered that the lead plates of Charles’ volumes had been melted down to make bullets
knowledge? What about Ezekiel’s ascent in a chariot that resembles a flying saucer? Is the biblical
Montana to warm Texas, an ideal land in the south that is free of snow. He was stopped on the way
g
a
lar
c
w,
the
a
re
kne
v
nd “
stl
r
Constantinopolitan Creed those confessing belief in Jesus did not want simply to equate Jesus with
n he
he
y
e
trusted.
de
mistakes. What wisdom disappeared in smoke when the great libraries, like the one in Alexandria,
Fifth, are there other worlds? When I began in astrophysics, we knew about only seven planets.
to
on “
e
ood”
d c
a
”
God
y
c
c
ti
W

g
prie
ood
ording
and fragility of life on earth and enriched speculations and provided in-depth moral insights. exhausted and thirsty, by the well in Samaria and stood weeping outside Lazarus’s tomb. Jesus’ in the Great War. All students preferred translations in English; moreover, virtually no reliable text
report possibly a garbled account of something else? Are we allowed to learn from areas too often
Since the 1970s, gifted men and women have provided texts, translations, and studies focused on
with this warning: “Sir, do you not know there are deadly snakes, deserts, and horrible heat where
sti
God. Did not the earliest Christians affirm that Jesus was “crucified, dead and buried” and
sc
a
e
a
n de
were burned?
All were in our solar system. Now, today, we know about millions of planets. Are not some of
n

fic
s, that hum
ribe
would be
y
ti
b
.
considered fantastic? Is it not possible that weird accounts and apocalyptic visions may have early followers experienced him as a man who transcended human abilities; but, in my opinion, he editions were published for many of the documents I was convinced should be included in the
one of the documents in the OTP. Now we have a known corpus that is increasing. At that time,
them inhabited by beings somewhat like us? If UFO’s are real and represent life from elsewhere,

you are leading your people?” He replied: “We are moving because we spy a blessed place and

represented God on earth. The highest Christology in the New Testament is in the Gospel of Saint
ve
le
ing
a
his
ti
tribe
d
a
e
a
rd
wh
n
nturie
o, c
f
o
the
a
tale
old
ha
a
n
s

na
g
a
s
ve
o, w
he
Ame
c
fr
o
om
did any who composed the Bible or the pseudepigraphical and apocryphal books intimate such
focus was almost always on philology and history. Now, we have a vineyard of ancient apocalyptic
ric
hidden experiences? Do we have access to our subliminal consciousness? What has shaped our I sought to point them to God, the Father: “It is not possible that I do anything on my own. As I corpus we all called “the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.”
4. Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? Absolutely, that
3. Are the Apocalypses the Dream Literature of Antiquity? Yes, that is characteristic of the
John; and in this masterpiece, Jesus is celebrated with the asyndetic affirmation? Two nouns are ld
dream of it. We all must dream.” Perception and understanding may be found in stories.
snow.
na
He
the
of
Mont
wa
a
n idea
y
that is
h
s,
rm
Te
x
in
a
e
fr
e
a
major apocalypses. But we should also add that the apocalypses ultimately revealed the importance not separated but side by side: “the Logos Word became flesh”; subsequently, Jesus collapsed, creations, so to speak, and we may enjoy its fruits by exploring the eternal questions and asking in
wa
to
knowledge? What about Ezekiel’s ascent in a chariot that resembles a flying saucer? Is the biblical
stopp
l
land
sout
w
d on the
e
a
s
hear, I judge; and my judgment is just, because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who
is pellucidly obvious thanks to the publications of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. When we imagine a
mind?

and fragility of life on earth and enriched speculations and provided in-depth moral insights. with thi s wa rning : “ S ir, do y ou not know ther e a re de a dl y sn a ke s, de s e rts, a nd horr ibl e he a t whe re Since the 1970s, gifted men and women have provided texts, translations, and studies focused on
exhausted and thirsty, by the well in Samaria and stood weeping outside Lazarus’s tomb. Jesus’
report possibly a garbled account of something else? Are we allowed to learn from areas too often
sent me;” Οὐ δύναμαι ἐγὼ ποιεῖν ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδέν· καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ
distant location, we also imagine that somehow and in some way, we are present entering that
what ways, if at all, these complex ancient compositions help us draw closer to possibly reliable
I am reminded of the description of the land of “the Blessed Ones” in the History of the Rechabites,
plac
e
e
a

c
re
ding
y

d:
ssed
be
considered fantastic? Is it not possible that weird accounts and apocalyptic visions may have early followers experienced him as a man who transcended human abilities; but, in my opinion, he one of the documents in the OTP. Now we have a known corpus that is increasing. At that time,

o
ng
e
bl
le
a

movi
a
ple?
e
y
a
He
re

W
“
”
e
o
r
y
sp
ou
r
a
nd
use
pe
pli
we
u a
If the answer to all these questions is “no,” then why are we so fascinated by stories and accounts
δικαία ἐστίν, ὅτι οὐ ζητῶ τὸ θέλημα τὸ ἐμὸν ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με. (John 5:30). Did
(perhaps revealed) perceptions and answers. Here are some areas we may all continue to explore:
place to describe it. Those who enter the heavens, according to the authors of the Apocalypses and
a document in the Pseudepigrapha. Recall how after God had brought the seer among “the Blessed
hidden experiences? Do we have access to our subliminal consciousness? What has shaped our dre a m of it . W e a ll must dre a m.” Pe rc e pti on a nd u nde rsta ndin g ma y be fou nd in s torie s. focus was almost always on philology and history. Now, we have a vineyard of ancient apocalyptic
4. Do we Become Present when We Imagine a Place Phenomenologically? Absolutely, that
sought to point them to God, the Father: “It is not possible that I do anything on my own. As I
apocalyptic literature, imagine that visionary men like Enoch and Ezra, who visit the heavens
Jesus not emphasize that he sought to share what he heard ὁ πατήρ (the Father) instructing him?
found in the biblical and related books? If many are too fanciful for modern science is that not also

hear, I judge; and my judgment is just, because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who

is pellucidly obvious thanks to the publications of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. When we imagine a
mind? Ones” on a paradisaic island, he shares their report about their life: creations, so to speak, and we may enjoy its fruits by exploring the eternal questions and asking in
above, or Zosimos, who is guided to the mysterious islands, are depicted present in such places to Did this confession and understanding create the Nicene Creed that stipulated that Jesus was fully First, how is the Creator perceived? Are we wise to ask about monotheism or henotheism? To what
true of many recent discoveries and inventions? My grandfather took a steamer to Palestine before

what ways, if at all, these complex ancient compositions help us draw closer to possibly reliable
of
e
ory
Hist
s
c
e
habit
the R

d of
s
e
the
B
land

s”
mi
m

a
the
“
r
in
n of
the
e
I
lesse
d
c
th
o
nde
f
riptio
distant location, we also imagine that somehow and in some way, we are present entering that
One
sent me;” Οὐ δύναμαι ἐγὼ ποιεῖν ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐδέν· καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω, καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ ,
de
describe the mysteries of our universe. human and fully divine? Confessions must not be reduced to simplistic Umgangsprache extent is the Eternal One represented by “the Lord Our God”? Is this Being powerful or has he
1913 and was on board for almost two weeks; what would be his response to my claim that I took
(perhaps revealed) perceptions and answers. Here are some areas we may all continue to explore:
And God commanded and this land brought forth for us pleasant and splendid trees which
a
. R
ud
how
pig
ra
ph
e
a
ll
a
c
e
fte
ha
a
d b
δικαία ἐστίν, ὅτι οὐ ζητῶ τὸ θέλημα τὸ ἐμὸν ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πέμψαντός με. (John 5:30). Did d
“
e
God
ument in
the
a
r
B
mon
less
rou
g
se
If the answer to all these questions is “no,” then why are we so fascinated by stories and accounts
place to describe it. Those who enter the heavens, according to the authors of the Apocalypses and
doc
se
the
P
g
r
ht
the
e

the same journey but I needed only about ten hours? (colloquial speech). ic isl a nd, he sha r e s their r e por t about their li fe : delimited his might by creating Adam, in his image, and with the freedom to reject the good and

found in the biblical and related books? If many are too fanciful for modern science is that not also
s”
on a
a
p
ra
a
dis
apocalyptic literature, imagine that visionary men like Enoch and Ezra, who visit the heavens
are filled (with) lovely, marvelous, and abundant fruits. And again, from the roots of the
One
Jesus not emphasize that he sought to share what he heard ὁ πατήρ (the Father) instructing him?
5. How May we Perceive a New Creation? We can focus on the improvements in human
even the Creator? How and in what ways can the Creator effect history; is this One incapable, by
true of many recent discoveries and inventions? My grandfather took a steamer to Palestine before Did this confession and understanding create the Nicene Creed that stipulated that Jesus was fully trees flows sweet and delightful water; and from these fruits and water we take delight and First, how is the Creator perceived? Are we wise to ask about monotheism or henotheism? To what
above, or Zosimos, who is guided to the mysterious islands, are depicted present in such places to
culture over the past three centuries and recognize that we all share the same dream: peace and In seeking understanding about our nature, our origins, and the universe, let us not be misled by extent is the Eternal One represented by “the Lord Our God”? Is this Being powerful or has he
Who made science superior and the only source of knowledge? Albert Einstein warned us not to
self-limitations, to never intervene but only to supervene? And how may we make such
d thi
human and fully divine? Confessions must not be reduced to simplistic Umgangsprache
s whic
h
s land br
e
1913 and was on board for almost two weeks; what would be his response to my claim that I took
did t
re
describe the mysteries of our universe.
And G
ht fo
oug
omm
nde
rth f
a
od c
or us ple
a
n
n
nt and sple
a
a
d
s
rest and are sustained.”
harmony on this fragile earth. If relatively recently humans have “created” rapid means of effective
make such absurd errors. He eschewed “the religious paradise” which was “dominated by wishes, those who claim myopically to have the proper theology or Christology. Did not the early delimited his might by creating Adam, in his image, and with the freedom to reject the good and
re

filled
a
the same journey but I needed only about ten hours?
(w
(colloquial speech). ith) lovely, marvelous, and abundant fruits. And again, from the roots of the
distinctions?

(HistRech 11:3-4; Charlesworth in OTP 2.456].
5. How May we Perceive a New Creation? We can focus on the improvements in human
trees flows sweet and delightful water; and from these fruits and water we take delight and
communication, the railroads, planes, rockets, medicines, and life-saving alterations to our reflections about Jesus warn that definitions should be clear but also open ended? Are all the so- even the Creator? How and in what ways can the Creator effect history; is this One incapable, by
hopes, and primitive feelings.” He chose another path: “The road to this paradise was not as

r
Who made science superior and the only source of knowledge? Albert Einstein warned us not to
e
st and a
sust

ined.”
a
culture over the past three centuries and recognize that we all share the same dream: peace and In seeking understanding about our nature, our origins, and the universe, let us not be misled by self-limitations, to never intervene but only to supervene? And how may we make such
re
called Gnostic Gospels heretical? Why were only “Jews” at Jamnia and only “Christians” at
comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has proved itself as trustworthy,
Second, the Bible is the “Crucible of the Pseudepigrapha.” Those who wrote these cultural
19
precious earth, then they can recognize the impending disasters to all, and accordingly, make
2.456]
4; C
-
h 11:3
.
make such absurd errors. He eschewed “the religious paradise” which was “dominated by wishes, The author, like some Essenes, perceived that οἱ ἄγγϵλοι τοῦ θεοῦ dwell with them: καὶ οἱ ἄγγϵλοι distinctions?
(H

harmony on this fragile earth. If relatively recently humans have “created” rapid means of effective
e
c
ist
R
those who claim myopically to have the proper theology or Christology. Did not the early
swor
ha
rle
n
th i

OTP
and I have never regretted having chosen it.” Einstein continued to believe in God and in an
preparations to share a common destiny.
Nicaea? How has our theology been contaminated by endeavors and predilection for too precise
27
shaping apocalyptic masterpieces intimate and even anticipate a beatific future since God claimed
32
hopes, and primitive feelings.” He chose another path: “The road to this paradise was not as

reflections about Jesus warn that definitions should be clear but also open ended? Are all the so-
communication, the railroads, planes, rockets, medicines, and life-saving alterations to our τοῦ θεοῦ οἰκοῦσιν μεθ᾽ ἡμῶν [HistRech 12:8]. Most likely, the author is imagining the recreation the “End” of creation would be glorious. They also knew that the future, for God, is also the

precious earth, then they can recognize the impending disasters to all, and accordingly, make
uthor,
them:
comfortable and alluring as the road to the religious paradise; but it has proved itself as trustworthy, (perhaps at the end of time) of the blessed life that Adam and Eve had enjoyed in the Garden of Second, the Bible is the “Crucible of the Pseudepigrapha.” Those who wrote these cultural

a
called Gnostic Gospels heretical? Why were only “Jews” at Jamnia and only “Christians” at
ἄ
dwe
γγ

κ
with
τοῦ
a
ke

li
λ
r
ϵ
c
th
Es
ne
ἄ
some
γγ
e
ived
οι
se
s,
οἱ
pe
t
28
Nazarene,” Jesus. 27 perceived, promised, and experienced because no option is excluded for human speculation and present, since God by definition transcends categories like “time.” If so, then God saw and
6. Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Moral imperatives are
shaping apocalyptic masterpieces intimate and even anticipate a beatific future since God claimed
33
Hist
Eden (at the beginning of time): Endzeit wird Urzeit. kely, the author is imagining the recreation
Nicaea? How has our theology been contaminated by endeavors and predilection for too precise
32
τοῦ
preparations to share a common destiny.
R
. Most li
ἡ
[
and I have never regretted having chosen it.” Einstein continued to believe in God and in an
e
οῦ
μ
μ
θεοῦ
σιν
οἰκ
h
ῶν
12:8]

εθ᾽
c
present in the earliest times in Eden (and Jews placed the present blessed abode in many different contemplation. As we seek for an improved theology should we not also learn from the concept of pronounced the beginning and end of creation “good” [׃בוַֹֽט־יִּכּ םיִָּּ֖הלֱֹא א ְרֵַּּ֥יַּו]. Almost always, Jews
the “End” of creation would be glorious. They also knew that the future, for God, is also the
(perhaps at the end of time) of the blessed life that Adam and Eve had enjoyed in the Garden of

impersonal supreme Being and was captivatingly “enthralled by the luminous figure of the
definitions? “Either-or” is blind sometimes; “both-and” may offer a world in which harmony is
28ons). Paradise is in the third heaven, according to Paul in 2 Corinthians 12 and
cosmological locati Logos according to Heraclitus (c. 535- c. 475 BCE), from so-called Lao-Tzu (c. 500 BCE) who present, since God by definition transcends categories like “time.” If so, then God saw and
Sixth, is there life after death? Is that not a focus of many apocryphal works? Do not the
who left us apocalypses foresaw a blessed future for those faithful to the Creator; their life would
33
Eden (at the beginning of time): Endzeit wird Urzeit.
Nazarene,” Jesus.
perceived, promised, and experienced because no option is excluded for human speculation and
6. Is the Morality in the Apocalypses Focused Only on This Earth? Moral imperatives are
Continuing our perusal of the Essenes, some of the most gifted intellectuals within early Jewish
the author of 2 Enoch 8 in Recension A: “And the men took me from there. They brought me to according to old Chinese traditions composed the Tao-Te-Ching urging that we live and act pronounced the beginning and end of creation “good” [׃בוַֹֽט־יִּכּ םיִָּּ֖הלֱֹא א ְרֵַּּ֥יַּו]. Almost always, Jews
be similar to those enjoying the Abode of the Rechabites – perhaps only after we stop breathing.
apocalypses contain descriptions of postmortem life? Of course, they do. And it is possible to note

contemplation. As we seek for an improved theology should we not also learn from the concept of
present in the earliest times in Eden (and Jews placed the present blessed abode in many different
apocalypticism, we now should ask: Did the Essenes establish dwellings only at Qumran?
30
the third heaven. And they placed me in the midst of Paradise.” [OTP 1.115F.I. Andersen] The
that the emphasis shifted from suffering for the unrighteous, and blessedness for the righteous - to according to the energetic force that unites the universe, and from the Upanishads, the great who left us apocalypses foresaw a blessed future for those faithful to the Creator; their life would

Logos according to Heraclitus (c. 535- c. 475 BCE), from so-called Lao-Tzu (c. 500 BCE) who
Continuing our perusal of the Essenes, some of the most gifted intellectuals within early Jewish
Sixth, is there life after death? Is that not a focus of many apocryphal works? Do not the
cosmological locations). Paradise is in the third heaven, according to Paul in 2 Corinthians 12 and
Obviously not. Josephus (37-100 CE), who knew the culture of first-century Palestine intimately
the author of 2 Enoch 8 in Recension A: “And the men took me from there. They brought me to
ancient Jews and Christian imagined a blessed place, sometimes in an unknown place, in which treasury of wisdom in India that took shape from about 500 BCE to the Middle Ages, and tried to be similar to those enjoying the Abode of the Rechabites – perhaps only after we stop breathing.
apocalypses contain descriptions of postmortem life? Of course, they do. And it is possible to note
annihilation of the wicked, and eternal blessed and unimaginable glory and happiness for those
apocalypticism, we now should ask: Did the Essenes establish dwellings only at Qumran?
according to old Chinese traditions composed the Tao-Te-Ching urging that we live and act
Third, how and in what ways are “humans” similar to animals and also different from other
30
the third heaven. And they placed me in the midst of Paradise.” [OTP 1.115F.I. Andersen] The and observed the Roman conquest of Galilee and then the burning of Jerusalem, reported that creatures? A few animals, like the octopi, chimpanzees, and especially bottlenose dolphins seem
that the emphasis shifted from suffering for the unrighteous, and blessedness for the righteous - to
according to the energetic force that unites the universe, and from the Upanishads, the great
Obviously not. Josephus (37-100 CE), who knew the culture of first-century Palestine intimately
God’s will was obeyed joyously.
faithful to God and the Torah.
demonstrate the human’s universal oneness. Is not the goal of world-wide theological speculations
34
annihilation of the wicked, and eternal blessed and unimaginable glory and happiness for those
ancient Jews and Christian imagined a blessed place, sometimes in an unknown place, in which Essenes lived in many areas of the country: Third, how and in what ways are “humans” similar to animals and also different from other
treasury of wisdom in India that took shape from about 500 BCE to the Middle Ages, and tried to
and observed the Roman conquest of Galilee and then the burning of Jerusalem, reported that
20
basically human endeavors, guided by the spirit (variously defined), to arrive at a sense of Awe?

to possess cognitive abilities equal to humans. And tortoises may live over 150 years while
34
Essenes lived in many areas of the country:
God’s will was obeyed joyously.
faithful to God and the Torah. demonstrate the human’s universal oneness. Is not the goal of world-wide theological speculations creatures? A few animals, like the octopi, chimpanzees, and especially bottlenose dolphins seem

7. What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? The
Seventh, why do too many claim or assume an absolute dichotomy between Jewish thoughts and
humans often pass away before 80. Some apes and monkeys can use their hands. How intelligent
20
They [the Essenes; Ἐσσηνοὶ καλοῦνται] are not only in one town but many of them dwell

preoccupation with ideas has been replaced in most recent endeavors by contextualization, thanks basically human endeavors, guided by the spirit (variously defined), to arrive at a sense of Awe? to possess cognitive abilities equal to humans. And tortoises may live over 150 years while
is the octopus; is this creature’s strategies due only to ecological intelligence (that is, the ability to
Christian reflections in the first century CE? Were Jesus and all his disciples not Jewish? Were not
Today, too much has changed. Religion and philosophy have been too often abandoned and even
35
in every town [Μία δ' οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν πόλις ἀλλ' ἐν ἑκάστῃ μετοικοῦσιν πολλοί]. And
7. What Significant Advances Have Been Made in the Study of Ancient Apocalypses? The
Seventh, why do too many claim or assume an absolute dichotomy between Jewish thoughts and They [the Essenes; Ἐσσηνοὶ καλοῦνται] are not only in one town but many of them dwell humans often pass away before 80. Some apes and monkeys can use their hands. How intelligent
29
the books in the Christian Bible all composed by Jews, with maybe a few exceptions: the so-called dismissed from too many curricula. In the late 1960s, when I began to teach at Duke, students secure food) or is it capable of planning (as Piero Amodio of the University of Padua observed)?
to fabulous archaeological discoveries, epigraphy, enriched Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, and Greek
35
Christian reflections in the first century CE? Were Jesus and all his disciples not Jewish? Were not Today, too much has changed. Religion and philosophy have been too often abandoned and even is the octopus; is this creature’s strategies due only to ecological intelligence (that is, the ability to
in every town [Μία δ' οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτῶν πόλις ἀλλ' ἐν ἑκάστῃ μετοικοῦσιν πολλοί]. And
preoccupation with ideas has been replaced in most recent endeavors by contextualization, thanks
if any of their sect comes from other locales, their resources are available to them, just as
Catholic Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. If “the Messiah,” “the Savior,” “the Christ,” and
philology - as well as a focused phenomenology on past lives, their opportunities, perceptions, knew they needed courses in physical education, languages, religion, and history. Why? The How have the 3,400 species of serpents (reptiles, snakes) existed 20 times longer than humans
21
secure food) or is it capable of planning (as Piero Amodio of the University of Padua observed)?
29
dismissed from too many curricula. In the late 1960s, when I began to teach at Duke, students if any of their sect comes from other locales, their resources are available to them, just as
the books in the Christian Bible all composed by Jews, with maybe a few exceptions: the so-called
to fabulous archaeological discoveries, epigraphy, enriched Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, and Greek
if it were their own, and they go into the homes of those whom they had never known
misunderstandings, and reality. Apocalypses are certainly grounded in reality on earth, in which Vietnam War brought home a recognition of human limitation, the importance of values and and yet cannot blink, and most move without hands or legs and can disarticulate their jaws so they
“the Son of Man,” are originally Jewish neologisms, why do their appearances mislead so many
21
How have the 3,400 species of serpents (reptiles, snakes) existed 20 times longer than humans
if it were their own, and they go into the homes of those whom they had never known
philology - as well as a focused phenomenology on past lives, their opportunities, perceptions,
Catholic Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. If “the Messiah,” “the Savior,” “the Christ,” and
knew they needed courses in physical education, languages, religion, and history. Why? The
before as if they had been long acquainted with them” (Josephus, War 2.124; my idiomatic
scholars into assuming the work is composed by “a Christian”? sacrifices – and a view that extended beyond our nation’s borders. Now, too many students want and yet cannot blink, and most move without hands or legs and can disarticulate their jaws so they [Ancient Egyptian Art often Shows a Serpent with Feet. Above is a depiction of
culture has developed for more than 200,000 years. For example, ornate jewelry about 150,000
can swallow others whole? I should add that the Tetrapodophis specimen from the Cretaceous
Vietnam War brought home a recognition of human limitation, the importance of values and
misunderstandings, and reality. Apocalypses are certainly grounded in reality on earth, in which
“the Son of Man,” are originally Jewish neologisms, why do their appearances mislead so many
before as if they had been long acquainted with them” (Josephus, War 2.124; my idiomatic
translation).
31
scholars into assuming the work is composed by “a Christian”? to ignore these disciplines and prepare for a lucrative job. Why? Have they concluded that the can swallow others whole? I should add that the Tetrapodophis specimen from 22 the Cretaceous Nehebkau, the Snake God. Egyptian Book of the Dead.]
years old has been recovered from Morocco’s Bizmoune Cave.
culture has developed for more than 200,000 years. For example, ornate jewelry about 150,000
translation).
Period has two feet and tiny front legs (or hands). It also has five fingers or toes. Certainly, all
sacrifices – and a view that extended beyond our nation’s borders. Now, too many students want

When can we distinguish between “Judaism” and “Christianity”? And, is it not true that today
humanities in which values and peace are cherished are no longer valuable or worth the sacrifice?
years old has been recovered from Morocco’s Bizmoune Cave. to ignore these disciplines and prepare for a lucrative job. Why? Have they concluded that the Period has two feet and tiny front legs (or hands). It also has five fingers or toes. Certainly, all [Ancient Egyptian Art often Shows a Serpent with Feet. Above is a depiction of

When can we distinguish between “Judaism” and “Christianity”? And, is it not true that today humanities in which values and peace are cherished are no longer valuable or worth the sacrifice? Nehebkau, the Snake God. Egyptian Book of the Dead.]
Our study helps us bring into focus the heart of early Jewish and Christian reflections on life and
Where are young people to learn values and transfer apocalyptic hopes when the church has
some great minds, like David Flusser and Geza Vermes, showed that they are not only “Jewish”
some great minds, like David Flusser and Geza Vermes, showed that they are not only “Jewish” Where are young people to learn values and transfer apocalyptic hopes when the church has
Our study helps us bring into focus the heart of early Jewish and Christian reflections on life and
destiny. The horrors they suffered could not diminish the light even though it may have been
become passé, the family no longer enjoys dinners in which morality is taught, and religion is
but also deeply “Christian”? Each shared many hours with me, over decades, and I remember each

destiny. The horrors they suffered could not diminish the light even though it may have been
but also deeply “Christian”? Each shared many hours with me, over decades, and I remember each become passé, the family no longer enjoys dinners in which morality is taught, and religion is 19 See Charlesworth, “Biblical Stories and Quotations Reflected and Even Adumbrated in the Old Testament
caused by the flames. We are apocalyptically given the assurance that God is good and to be
saying something like: “Jim I believe in one supreme Being, YHWH, and the divinity of Jesus but
19

See Charlesworth, “Biblical Stories and Quotations Reflected and Even Adumbrated in the Old Testament
saying something like: “Jim I believe in one supreme Being, YHWH, and the divinity of Jesus but 32 Pseudepigrapha,” in S. Delamarter, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (London,
caused by the flames. We are apocalyptically given the assurance that God is good and to be
never will I imagine Jesus was God.” Contemplating, that statement, I imagine before the Nicene-
Pseudepigrapha,” in S. Delamarter, A Scripture Index to Charlesworth’s The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (London,
32 Charlesworth, ed., The History of the Rechabites: Volume I: The Greek Recension. SBL T&T 17, Pseud Series 10.
Charlesworth, ed., The History of the Rechabites: Volume I: The Greek Recension. SBL T&T 17, Pseud Series 10.
never will I imagine Jesus was God.” Contemplating, that statement, I imagine before the Nicene- New York: Sheffield, 2002) p. 1-6.
New York: Sheffield, 2002) p. 1-6.
(Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982); for this citation see p. 72.
(Chico, Calif.: Scholars Press, 1982)
; for this citation see p. 72. 20 See esp. J. R. Learn, “Just How Intelligent Are Dolphins?” Discover (March 26 2021)).

20
29
See esp. J. R. Learn, “Just How Intelligent Are Dolphins?” Discover (March 26 2021)).
33

They would do well to ponder the insights in Yaron Z. Eliav, A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction
29 33 See H. Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen.
See H. Gunkel, Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit: Eine religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung über Gen.
They would do well to ponder the insights in Yaron Z. Eliav, A Jew in the Roman Bathhouse: Cultural Interaction
27 30
21
21
27 The redactor of Recension J adds “Then I looked downward” and so places Paradise on the earth. In 2En 42,
Albert Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp.
The number “3,400” is from the Encyclopedia Britanica (2023).
30
I und Apoc. Joh. XII (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895).
The redactor of Recension J adds “Then I looked downward” and so places Paradise on the earth. In 2En 42,
Albert Einstein, “Autobiographical Notes,” in Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp.
in the Ancient Mediterranean (in press) and his “Bathhouses as Places of Social and Cultural Interactions,” in The
I und Apoc. Joh. XII (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1895).
Paradise is in the East, as in the Bible.
Library of Living Philosophers. (Evanston, 1949) p. 5. Einstein’s quotation as assed by Max Jammer, Einstein and in the Ancient Mediterranean (in press) and his “Bathhouses as Places of Social and Cultural Interactions,” in The 22 The number “3,400” is from the Encyclopedia Britanica (2023).
34
22
Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine, edited by Catherine Hezser (Oxford: Oxford University
Today, pythons have a pair of little spurs that have evolved from earlier feet. Lizards still have something like feet.
Today, pythons have a pair of little spurs that have evolved from earlier feet. Lizards still have something like feet.
Library of Living Philosophers. (Evanston, 1949) p. 5. Einstein’s quotation as assed by Max Jammer, Einstein and
I concur with those who agree that the etymology of the word “Essene” remains doubtful.
Paradise is in the East, as in the Bible.
Oxford Handbook of Jewish Daily Life in Roman Palestine, edited by Catherine Hezser (Oxford: Oxford University
31 Notably, see Sarah Kuta, “This 9,000-year-old Necklace is Remarkable. Who wore it is even more surprising,” 34 I concur with those who agree that the etymology of the word “Essene” remains doubtful. See the illustrated and highly informative “A Fossil Snake With Four Legs” by Ed Young in National Geographic
Religion (Princeton: PUP, 1999) p. 28.
35
Religion (Princeton: PUP, 1999) p. 28.
31
Press, 2010) pp. 605-22. Among his many publications, see Anita Norich and Yaron Z. Eliav, editors, Jewish
See the illustrated and highly informative “A Fossil Snake With Four Legs” by Ed Young in National Geographic
Notably, see Sarah Kuta, “This 9,000-year-old Necklace is Remarkable. Who wore it is even more surprising,”
See Philo’s comment that they dwell only in villages. The Greek noun πόλις is too often in Josephus’ description
28 See Jammer, Einstein and Religion, respectively pp. 264 and 22. Press, 2010) pp. 605-22. Among his many publications, see Anita Norich and Yaron Z. Eliav, editors, Jewish (July 23 2015).
35
28
National Geographic (August 25, 2023).
See Philo’s comment that they dwell only in villages. The Greek noun πόλις is too often in Josephus’ description
Literatures and Cultures: Context and Intertext. Brown Judaic Studies 349. (Providence RI, 2008).
(July 23 2015).
See Jammer, Einstein and Religion, respectively pp. 264 and 22.
National Geographic (August 25, 2023).
Literatures and Cultures: Context and Intertext. Brown Judaic Studies 349. (Providence RI, 2008).
of the Essenes understood to denote a city; here it means a town or village.
of the Essenes understood to denote a city; here it means a town or village.
18 23 14
22
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