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REFERENCES
Itol,ert 1 lot, "111,0, 11%1 ► 1 N,1oving Double-litm- to
Week (Jun• I, 199:), pp H ► '1$.
Joseph Weber, "A !lig Company That Works," Business Week (May 4, 124-132.
Barry Farber and Joyce Wycoff, "Customer Service: Evolution and Revolution," Sales & Mar
keting Management (May 1991), pp. 44-51; Susan Caminiti, "The New Champions of Retail-
ing," Fortune (September 24,1990), pp. 85-100; Dori Jones Yang and Laura Zinn, "Will 'The
Nordstrom Way' Travel Well?" Business Week (September 3, 1990), pp. 82-83.
Stephen Kreider Yoder, "Quick Change: A 1990 Reorganization at Hewlett-Packard Already
is Paying Off," Wall Street Journal (July 22, 1991), pp. Al, A8; Barbara Buell and Robert D.
Hof, "Hewlett-Packard Rethinks Itself," Business Week (April 1, 1991), pp. 76-78.
5 James M. Higgins, The Management Challenge: An Introduction to Management 2nd ed. (New
York: Macmillan, 1994) Chapter 1; James M. Higgins and Julian W. Vincze, Strategic Man-
agement: Text and Cases, 5th ed., (Dallas: Dryden Press, 1993) Chapter 1.
For example see: William P. Hewlett (chairman and co-founder of Hewlett-Packard), "Gradu-
ation Speech" as reported in Helen Pike, "Hewlett Sounds Call for Engineering Creativity
in MIT Graduate Speech," Electronic Engineering Times (June 23, 1986), p. 78; John Sculley
(then CEO and chairman of Apple Computer), "Speech to MacWorld," February 1988 in
which he indicated that only the innovative firm would survive in the future; Jack Welch
(CEO and chairman of General Electric), who sees innovation driving productivity which
drives competition, as quoted in Thomas A. Stewart, "GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming,"
Fortune (August 12, 1991), pp. 41-49; Michael E. Porter (researcher and consultant), The
Competitive Advantage of Nations (New York: Free Press, 1990) pp. 578-579 where he ob-
serves that innovation, continuous improvement and change are the cornerstones of global
competitiveness; Michael E. Porter; Competitive Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1980) pp.
177-179 where he discusses the criticality of innovation to competitiveness; a 1987 survey
of 1000 CEOs by consulting firm Arthur D. Little found that 92 percent believed that inno-
vation was critical to the future success of their firm — "Common Sense, Experiences Are
Not Enough: It's Time to Get Creative," Marketing News (January 18,1988), p. 7; Richard N.
Foster (consultant), Innovation: The Attacker's Advantage (New York: Summitt Books, 1986)
p. 21 where he indicates that in his thirty years at McKinsey & Company, every successful
firm he saw was innovative; Thomas J. Peters (consultant and researcher), Thriving on Chaos:
Handbook for a Management Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1987) pp. 191-280 where he indi-
cates that innovation is one of five prescriptions for chaos (accelerating change, complex
environment, global competition, and other challenges); Business Week considered the topic
of innovation so critical to U.S. competitiveness, it devoted two special issues to it, in June
in both 1989 and 1990.
Amal Kumar Naj, "Creative Energy: GE's Latest Invention—A Way to Move Ideas From Lab
to Market," Wall Street Journal (June 14,1990), pp. Al, A9.
John G. Young, "What is Creativity?" The Journal of Creative Behavior (1985,2nd Quarter), pp.
77-87.
"Chester Carlson—Xerography," Xerox Internal Documents; "A Profile in Entrepreneurship,"
a special advertising session, Inc. (July 1988), pp. 109,110.
'1" Victor Kiam, speech to the Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College,
Winter Park, FL (October 28,1985).
" Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In Search of Excellence, (New York: Harper &
Row, 1982) pp. 9-11. Adapted slightly from their seven Ss model—strategy, structure, sys-
tems, style, staff, skills, shared values (culture).
12 Ray Statta, "Organizational Learning — The Key to Management Innovation," Sloan Man- 101
agement Review (Spring 1989), pp. 63-74; Michael Porter, Competitive Strategy, (New York: CREATIVE
Free Press, 1980) pp. 177-178. PROBLEM
SOLVING
'3 For example see, Richard Foster, loc. cit.; Thomas J. Peters, loc. cit. TECHNIQUES
15