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involvement occurs when couples unable to regularly carry their child or use

their tissue in the pregnancy process. Third-party can be distinguished into
several categories and some of which may be generated at the same time,

for instance, sperm donor, egg donor, mitochondrial DNA transferred, embryo

donor and adoption which is normally considered separately from other
(61)
third-party reproduction.

In other words, a child could theoretically have up to 5 genetic and

legal parents including biological father, biological mother, legal parents and

any combinations thereof. Recently, there has been a possibility to exclude the

gestational carrier process from the procedure restricting the term of ovum

donation and gestational carrier services. In a ùconventional surrogacyû, a
surrogate mother agrees to carry a child from the sperm of the male partner

to that ùcommissioningû couple or with sperm provided by a sperm donor.

In general, the surrogate mother is inseminated, conceives, and hands over
(62)
the baby at the end of the reproductive process to the intended parent.
In a ùgestational surrogacyû, a surrogate mother instead agrees upon the

implantation of an embryo using either egg of another woman who may be

the wife of commissioning a couple or a single woman. Alternatively, the

embryo put into the surrogate mother may be generated by sperm from the
male partner of those couples or by sperm provided by a donor through a
(63)
sperm bank or fertility clinic.

(61)
Pregnancy is typically initiated by artificial insemination in the case of sperm donation and
by embryo transfer after in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the case of egg donation, embryo
donation, and surrogacy.
(62)
Ragone, H. (1994). Surrogate Motherhood: Conception in the Heart. Colorado: Westview.
(63)
Ciccarelli, J. and Beckman, L. (2015). Navigating Rough Waters: An Overview of
Psychological Aspects of Surrogacy. Journal of Social Issues61 (1). p. 21-43.

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