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                18     Now to the nuts and bolts.                (but also harvest, which makes us think
                   Shakespeare didn’t invent this metaphor.      of eating our fill and having lots stored

                   Fall = middle age was a cliché long           up for the winter). And then winter is
                   before he got hold of it. What he does is     old age and resentment and death.
                   use this old metaphor in a new way,        20     Writers know that this is how we

                   getting so specific and detailed (yellow      naturally think about the seasons, and
                   leaves, branches shivering in the wind,       they make use of that. When
                   missing birds) that it forces us to really    Shakespeare asks his beloved, “Shall I
                   see two things. One is what he’s actually     compare thee to a summer’s day?” we
                   describing: the end of autumn and the         know without thinking about it that this

                   coming of winter. The other is the thing      is much more flattering than if he’d
                   he’s really talking about: standing on the    compared her to, say, January eleventh.
                   edge of old age.                              The White Witch doesn’t make it eternal

                19     For as long as anyone’s been writing,     spring in Narnia, does she? The idea is
                   the seasons have stood for the same set       practically funny. She makes it always
                   of meanings. Maybe it’s written into our      winter (and never Christmas) because,
                   brains that spring has to do with             well, she’s evil, and so she hates the
                   childhood and youth. Summer is                very idea of new life, new growth,

                   adulthood and romance and passion and         happiness, and forgiveness. It takes
                   satisfaction. Autumn is failing health,       Aslan to bring all of those things. And,
                   weakness, and middle age and tiredness        of course, the spring.































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