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!ÓŸª ~ál ÚˆÜ˛y!Ë˛í˛ 19ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çe´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° x!ï˛Ùy!Ó˚ xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆò¢ ly!ܲ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ ~•z ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ xy˛õlyÓ˚y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈G ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏܲy˛õ !Ó¢y° xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– çyˆÏll Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ§y˛õyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏç!˛õ ¢y!§ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly•#l !Óò%ƒÍˆÏܲ ôÓ˚y •Î˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÙyÌy!˛õS%È !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Îï˛
ڰܲí˛yí˛zlÛ ˆây£Ïîy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ ˆ§•z Ó˚y‹T… ï˛ï˛ í˛zß¨ï˛– ˆ§•z !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ
xyâyï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ˆòˆÏ¢ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ◊!Ùܲ ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ò#â≈!òˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ
ܲÙ≈•#l •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~SÈyí˛¸y !Ó!˲ߨ xLjϢÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£Ï xyç ~ܲܲ §Çáƒy à!Ó˚¤˛ ò° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ
xly•yˆÏÓ˚ Ë%˛àˆÏSÈñ xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly•#l °Ü˛í˛yí˛zlÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ÚÚ!Óò%ƒÍ å§ÇˆÏ¢yôl#ä !Ó° 2020ÛÛ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲÌy Ó°!SÈ !ë˛Ü˛•z !ܲv ~ê˛y ÓyhflψÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛– ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ Îy ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎ xLjϢÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ñ Î!òG §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Úxyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ï˛yÛÓ˚ ˆÙyí˛¸Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ç!ÙòyÓ˚ñ ܲˆÏ˛õ≈yˆÏÓ˚ê˛ñ Óƒ!_´Ùy!°Ü˛yly •zï˛ƒy!ò ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §%!Óôy ˛õy•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z !ӈϰ !ܲ Ó°y xyˆÏSÈñ ܲyÓ˚y §%!Óôy ˛õyˆÏFSÈñ ܲyÓ˚y
ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ù•í˛¸y ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î ~•z x!ï˛Ùy!Ó˚Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ fl∫yfliƒ !Ó˛õˆÏò ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈ– xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y í˛zߨ#ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ å˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ä ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲê%˛ !˛õSÈl !òˆÏܲ !˛õSÈyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈñ xÌ≈yÍ
!SÈ°ñ ï˛y ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xye´Ùî Ó,!k˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfliy !ܲ !SÈ°ñ !ܲ xyˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ~•z !Ó° °y= •ÛˆÏ° !Óò%ƒÍ
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ÓˆÏç!˛õ ¢y!§ï˛ Ó˚yçƒ=!°ˆÏï˛– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏÓ ~•z !òܲ=!° !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
x!ç≈ï˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏFS ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ ã˛y•z!SÈ–
Ó˚y‹T…yÎ˚_ §¡õò !Ó!e´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ˆò¢ fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ Ú!Óò%ƒÍ xy•zl 1910Û ~•z
x!ï˛Ùy!Ó˚Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚– ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…yÎ˚_ ¢!_´ ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓˆÏܲ ã˛°ˆÏï˛y xÌ≈yÍ ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ !Óò%ƒÍ ÓƒÓfliy Óƒ!_´
§Çfliy=!°G ˆÓˆÏã˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ Óyò ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly– fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛y– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl ¢•ˆÏÓ˚
xÓƒÓ!•ï˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ fl∫!lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !¢“=!°ˆÏܲ !Óò%ƒÍ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Óƒ!_´Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l !í˛ˆÏç°
§Çfliy=!°ˆÏܲ Óƒ!_´Ùy!°Ü˛yly ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y ˛õy¡õˆÏ§ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !Óò%ƒÍ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óï˛Ó˚î •ˆÏï˛y–
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ál ï˛y !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ,!ï˛ ˆò¢ Îál fl∫yô#l •Û° ï˛álG !Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Çfliy!˛õï˛ «˛Ùï˛y 1360

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