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The Africans ‘left behind’

Born poor, live poor, expect to die poor unless ...

state resources to provide jobs and services to narrow constituencies; politicians also may use
their control of state resources for personal benefit.Bratton and van de Walle use the term

neopatrimonialism to refer to such arrangements, in which individuals rule by dint of their
personal prestige and power, granting few rights and privileges to the citizenry. Neopatrimonial
governments tend to have a strong executive, a weak judiciary, and an inefficient or corrupt civil

service--precisely the institutions thought to impede development “
"Short of the Goal: U.S. Policy and Poorly Performing States" 7
Birdsall, Nancy, Milan Vaishnav, Robert L. Ayres, and Center for Global Development, eds.
Center for Global Development, 2006.

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Africa's Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC)

“ In fact, HDI levels decrease as one moves inland along the major transit route that runs from

the coast of Kenya, across the country before going through Uganda, Rwanda and then finally
Burundi.

Just recently, it has been economically modeled that if the economic size of a transit country is
increased by just 1%, a subsequent increase of at least 2% is experienced by the landlocked
country, which shows that there is hope for LLDCs if the conditions of their transit neighbours

are addressed.
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The three major factors that LLDCs are dependent on their transit neighbours are dependence
on transit infrastructure, dependence on political relations with neighbours, and dependence on

internal peace and stability within transit neighbours. “
"Landlocked Developing Countries." 164
Wikipedia
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Current LLDCs in Africa (16)

Botswana Chad Malawi South Sudan

Burkina Faso Eswatini Mali Uganda

Burundi Ethiopia Niger Zambia

CAR Lesotho Rwanda Zimbabwe

"Landlocked Developing Countries." 164
Wikipedia, (September 2020)
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