Page 200 - Volume 2_CHANGES_merged_with links

Obstacles to progress

Realities

institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the

International Development Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World
Bank Group

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The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank

Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.”
"World Bank." 232
Wikipeadia
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IDA
“The International Development Association (IDA) (French: Association internationale de
développement) is an international financial institution which offers concessional loans and

grants to the world's poorest developing countries.”
"International Development Association." 233
Wikipedia
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“ Since IDA's inception, 36 countries have graduated from IDA and become IBRD only
borrowers. In 11 of these countries, adverse developments subsequent to graduation resulted
in them becoming a "reverse graduate" and once again eligible for IDA resources. Almost 80

percent of the graduations took place prior to 1990 with 20 graduations occurring before 1980
and eight more in the subsequent decade 1980-1990. Of the countries that graduated before

1980, 17 did so successfully and three reverted to IDA eligibility. In sharp contrast, all of the
countries that graduated in the period 1980-1990 subsequently reversed to IDA eligibility. There
have been no reversals among the eight countries that graduated since 1990. “

"Review of IDA's Graduation Policy" 234
AfricaCheck

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IBRD
“ The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international
financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States,

that is the lending arm of World Bank Group. The IBRD offers loans to middle-income
developing countries. “
"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development." 235
Wikipedia
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