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The struggle for independence
“Vade Retro domum” - “Nolo Relinquere”
parties, interfere in elections, and send in troops to reverse developments considered
unfavorable to French interests.
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Even colonies that enjoyed local self-rule often turned to violence to achieve full
independence. In KENYA, for example, the political rights of Africans expanded
significantly after World War II. However, it took the violent MAU MAU uprising of the
1950s to convince Britain to give Kenya full independence. The French faced growing
unrest in their North African colonies. In 1954, they granted independence to MOROCCO
and TUNISIA so they could focus efforts on ALGERIA, their most important colony. But
after committing huge sums of money and tens of thousands of troops to fighting in
Algeria, the French were finally forced to pull out in 1962."
"Africa: Independence Movements." 107
https://geography.name/independence-movements/.
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Assassinated African Independence Leaders
“ Between 1961 and 1973, six African independence leaders were assassinated by their
ex-colonial rulers, including Patrice Lumumba of Congo,
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Patrice Lumumba, prime minister of newly independent Congo, was the second of five
leaders of independence movements in African countries to be assassinated in the
1960s by their former colonial masters or their agents.
A sixth, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, was ousted in a western-backed coup in 1966, and a
seventh, Amilcar Cabral, leader of the west African liberation movement against Portugal
of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde, (Partido Africano
da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde or PAIGC) in Guinea Bissau and Cape Verde,
was assassinated in 1973.
Lumumba's death in 1961 followed on from that of the opposition leader of Cameroon,
Felix Moumie, poisoned in 1960. Sylvanus Olympio, leader of Togo, was killed in 1963.
Mehdi Ben Barka, leader of the Moroccan opposition movement, was kidnapped in
France in 1965 and his body never found. Eduardo Mondlane, leader of Mozambique's
