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The struggle for independence

“Vade Retro domum” - “Nolo Relinquere”

Gaulle pronounces that "self-determination" is necessary for Algeria. Pied-noir extremists
are aghast. The FLN is wary of de Gaulle's declaration."

"A Chronology of the Algerian War of Independence." 109
Hitchens, Christopher. ; The Atlantic, (November 2006)

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Angola

“ The Angolan War of Independence (Portuguese: Guerra de Independência de Angola;
1961–1974), called in Angola the Luta Armada de Libertação Nacional ("Armed Struggle
of National Liberation"), began as an uprising against forced cultivation of cotton, and it

became a multi-faction struggle for the control of Portugal's overseas province of Angola
among three nationalist movements and a separatist movement. The war ended when a

leftist military coup in Lisbon in April 1974 overthrew Portugal's Estado Novo dictature,
and the new regime immediately stopped all military action in the African colonies,
declaring its intention to grant them independence without delay. “

"Angolan War of Independence" 110
Wikipedia

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Cameroon
“ The Bamileke War, often known as guerre cachée, or the Hidden War, is the name of the

independence struggle between Bamileke Cameroon's nationalist movement and France.
The movement was spearheaded by the Cameroonian Peoples Union (UPC). Even after

independence, the rebellion continued shaping contemporary politics. The war began
with riots in 1955 and continued after Cameroon gained independence in 1960.
Following independence, the first President of Cameroon, Ahmadou Ahidjo requested

continued French military intervention to fight the UPC rebels. The UPC rebellion was
largely crushed by the Cameroonian Armed Forces and French Army by 1964. This war is

often forgotten because it occurred at the height of France's biggest colonial
independence struggle, the Algerian War.

The war is believed to have produced some 61,300 to 76,300 civilian deaths, according to

estimates from the British embassy assembled in 1964, with 80% of the dead being from
the Bamileke Region."

"Bamileke War." 111
Wikipedia