Page 15 - Data Structures Interactive Book

1.1.2 Control Structures

Control structures determine the flow of execution in a program. They allow

programmers to implement decision-making and repetition. The if and else statements

enable conditional execution based on logical expressions, while the switch statement

provides a cleaner way to handle multiple cases. Iteration structures such as for, while, and

do-while loops allow repeated execution of code blocks until a condition is met. These
constructs are fundamental for building programs that react dynamically to input and

automate repetitive tasks.

• Selection structures: if, else, and switch enable decision-making.
• Iteration structures: for, while, and do-while loops repeat actions until conditions

are met.

Example:

1.2 Object-Oriented Programming

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is one of the most significant features that

distinguishes C++ from C. OOP organizes software design around objects, which combine data
and behavior into a single unit. This paradigm promotes modularity, reusability, and

scalability, making it easier to manage complex systems. The core principles of OOP in C++

include encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Encapsulation ensures that data and
methods are bundled together, inheritance allows classes to derive properties from other

classes, and polymorphism enables functions to take multiple forms. Together, these

principles provide a robust framework for designing flexible and maintainable software.

1.2.1 Classes and Objects

A class in C++ is a blueprint that defines attributes (data members) and behaviors

(member functions). Objects are instances of classes that represent real-world entities in a

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