Page 18 - Data Structures Interactive Book

1.3.2 File Handling

File handling allows programs to store data permanently on disk and retrieve it when

needed. C++ provides the <fstream> library, which includes classes such as ifstream for

reading files, ofstream for writing files, and fstream for both reading and writing. File handling

is essential for applications that require persistent storage, such as databases or logging

systems.
Example:

This program writes a string to a file named data.txt and then reads it back,
demonstrating basic file handling operations.

1.4 Memory Management

Memory management is a critical aspect of programming in C++, as it determines how

data is stored, accessed, and released during program execution. Unlike some modern

languages that handle memory automatically, C++ gives programmers direct control over
memory allocation and deallocation. This flexibility allows efficient use of resources but also

requires careful handling to avoid issues such as memory leaks or dangling pointers.

Understanding memory management is essential for implementing data structures, since

they often rely on dynamic memory to store elements of varying sizes.

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