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9.6.2 Password Storage and Security

In security systems, passwords are not stored directly. Instead, they are hashed. When

a user enters a password, the system hashes it and compares it with the stored hash. This

prevents attackers from reading actual passwords if the database is compromised.

(Here we explain conceptually, since secure password hashing in C++ requires external

libraries like OpenSSL. For textbook purposes, we demonstrate a simple hash function for
illustration.)

9.6.3 Caching and Memory Management

Operating systems and web browsers use hashing to manage caches. For example, a
URL can be hashed to determine where its cached content should be stored. This allows quick

retrieval without scanning the entire cache.

Example: Simple Cache System in C++

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