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Human Performance

Exposure to loud noise in aviation environments can damage hearing. This can

be avoided by using high-quality headsets or ear protection. Noise is also a

source of stress.

Even if you have normal hearing, there may be situations where what you hear

does not match what is being said, for example, during communication with air
traffic control.

2.5.4.1 Structure of the ear

Below is a diagram illustrating the structure of the ear.

At the end of the ear canal is the

eardrum, which vibrates and sets the

air in motion when we hear a sound.

Sound vibrations are transmitted
through three small bones to the

cochlea, which contains hair-like cells of

different structures.

These cells capture various tones and

send them as small electrical impulses

via the auditory nerve to the brain, where the signals are processed.

2.5.4.2 Pressure in the ear

For the ear to function properly, the pressure on both sides of the eardrum must

be equal.

If the Eustachian tube, which connects the middle ear to the throat, is blocked,

a vacuum can form. This can be very painful if the pressure is not equalized.

Normally, pressure equalization occurs when swallowing, which opens the
Eustachian tube. This is why small children are often given something to chew

on, especially during descent, when pressure equalization is most difficult.

Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 160