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138 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities The Practical Application of Analytics to Transportation 139

It is likely that all cities will have a similar destination point in mind,
assuming, of course, that we can all agree on the definition of a smart city.
However, the departure point and the en-route activities will vary considerably
depending on the current situation within the city and previous investments in
advanced technologies. Therefore, there is an opportunity in this chapter to ad-
dress two objectives simultaneously. The initial objective, and still the primary
goal, is to explain the practical application of analytics within a transportation
environment. The secondary goal is to explain a selection of departure points
and make use of these as the examples for the application of the analytics. Five
departure points are listed as follows, as examples for the practical application
of analytics:

• Integrated payment systems;
• MaaS;
• Traffic management;
• Transit management;
• Performance management.

These departure points have been selected from the services introduced
and defined in Chapter 5. As discussed in Chapter 5, the most robust approach
to defining a smart city initiative is to make use of services that deliver value
and benefits to citizens, visitors, and transportation service delivery organiza-
tions. For consistency, a selection of services has been identified as the starting
or departure point for a smart city initiative, enabling the practical application
of analytics to be illustrated.
The departure points are discussed in Sections 7.4–7.18, with each sec-
tion explaining the major elements of the departure point as well as why it
would make a good departure point for a smart city initiative. These explana-
tions go deeper than the descriptions provided in Chapter 5 where the concept
of services for a smart city are introduced Tables 7.1–7.5 list some candidate
analytics that can be used in measuring the effectiveness of the departure points,
along with some notes on the practical application of the analytics.

7.4 Integrated Payment Systems—What Are They?

An integrated payment system for a smart city would consist of the following
elements:

• Electronic toll collection;
• Electronic ticketing for transit;