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58 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Connected and Autonomous Vehicles 59

Figure 4.3 Overview of the cloud-based connected vehicle.

information making use of broadband wireless connections between the vehicle
and cloud-based services.
Figure 4.3 shows the Airbiquity Choreo application [4] that provides
a link between connected vehicles and automotive manufacturers through a
cloud-based service. With this application, vehicle data, usage behavior, and ge-
olocation along with apps and content are combined or fused to provide a data
stream from the vehicle. This can also support data delivery that can be con-
verted to information using a multichannel dynamic human machine interface
within the vehicle (otherwise known as an in-vehicle information terminal).
The DSRC approach, as its name suggests, makes use of a dedicated com-
munication link between the connected vehicle and roadside infrastructure.
This approach builds on years of experience that have been accumulated in the
application of electronic toll collection systems. The advantage of this approach
is that the technology can support high-speed, high-reliability, and low-latency
communications to and from the vehicle. The disadvantage of this approach is
the need to install roadside equipment (RSE) at regular intervals along roads.
The short-range communications provided typically enable vehicles to talk to
an RSE unit over a range of about a kilometer. The approach also requires the
installation of special equipment in the vehicle to enable the communications
with the roadside infrastructure.
A narrow range of wireless telecommunications frequencies (spectrum
band) was allocated for DSRC by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) in October 1999. The band spans defined 75 MHz from 5.8502 to
5.925 GHz and lies in the microwave portion of the radio spectrum. While this
band was initially reserved to promote the safety of life of automobile drivers,
passengers, and pedestrians using DSRC the FCC is now considering how this
spectrum can be shared by other users. Radio spectrum is a scarce resource, and
growth in the use of Wi-Fi has caused a surge in demand for spectrum, causing
the FCC to reevaluate spectrum allocation. However, sharing the band with