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62 Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities Connected and Autonomous Vehicles 63

the data flowing to and from from the in-vehicle devices to the back-office
infrastructure.
The cloud services provider may also have a role as all data must pass
through the cloud from the vehicle to its ultimate destination and in reverse.
The question of data ownership is also of concern to public agencies, as the real
potential for probe vehicle data from connected vehicles cannot be realized if
the data is not available. In the short term, the public sector should prepare to
engage the private sector with a view toward data exchange.
The private sector obviously has access to a great deal of data that would
be of benefit to the public sector. At the same time, due to the desire to have
contextual data such as width, height, and speed restrictions, the private sec-
tor could be interested in receiving data from the public sector. A successful
negotiation of this two-way data exchange will require that the public sector
prepares an effective negotiating position. Public-sector data needs to be sum-
marized and accessible. Suitable marketing materials that describe the data and
the value of the data need to be prepared. Perhaps now is a good time to open
discussions between the public sector and the private automotive sector regard-
ing data sharing and cooperation?

Choosing the Best Telecommunications Approach

As discussed earlier the best telecommunications approach depends on what
one is trying to do. According to the U.S. DOT, the services listed in Figure 4.5
can be supported with connected vehicles [9].
The items in Figure 4.5 might be considered a menu for the ultimate
connected vehicle scenario. Many of the applications require high-speed, low-
latency, reliable communications between vehicle and roadside and vehicle to
vehicle of the type that only DSRC can currently provide, making that the best
choice for these applications. However, the automotive industry has already
moved ahead with some early market services that don’t require the kind of high
speed and low latency of DSRC and can thus be supported by cellular wireless
and cloud-based services. These include the services depicted in Figure 4.6 [10].
Figure 4.6 provides a comprehensive menu of services that can be sup-
ported by connected vehicle technologies. Such services include navigation, en-
tertainment, vehicle management, safety, and engine management. An impor-
tant point is that the range of services is wide and will influence many aspects
of vehicle operation and driver behavior. While it is likely that the private sector
business model and services described above will prevail in the short term, it
is also likely that later-market safety applications will require cooperation with
roadside DSRC equipment and, furthermore, a more significant role from the
public sector. Therefore, it would be prudent to prepare for both approaches. In
the longer term, the public sector should assume that roadside equipment will