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94 Hand-Rearing Birds

Figure 5.2 A sheet over the wings of a Trumpeter Swan works well to control the bird’s wings, protecting
both the handlers as well as the swan during health checks.

intrusive until both the adult and chicks are interacting well with each other. Species‐specific fos-
ter parents are the best; however, mixed groups of ducklings and geese have also been successful.

Common Medical Problems and Solutions

Infectious Diseases
Waterfowl carry many types of parasites, not all of which are dangerous to them, as well as viruses,
bacteria, and other disease‐causing agents (Wobeser 1981; Ritchie 1995; Altman et al. 1997). Wild
birds should be prevented from contact with domestic birds. Disease transference can occur and
spread during migration (Ritchie 1995). See Chapter 7 for more in‐depth information on common
diseases and parasite problems in domestic Anseriformes. Many treatments are good for one spe-
cies and harmful to another. It is therefore important to consult an avian veterinarian with water-
fowl experience. Some states have required testing for diseases such as Newcastle disease, duck
plague, avian influenza, and others. Check governmental requirements before networking with
rehabilitators out of state or transferring birds to out‐of‐state migratory areas for release.

Bumblefoot
Foot problems are common with wildfowl that are raised or kept in captivity. In natural habitats,
waterfowl live and rear young around lakes, wetlands, and ocean estuaries. Water, muddy, or bog
areas effectively massage the foot constantly as the bird walks or swims. Hard or harsh substrates
are unnatural to the footpad and contribute to callusing and bumblefoot (pododermatitis),