Page 1102 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

1034 SECTION | XV Mycotoxins

VetBooks.ir TABLE 74.1 Representative Tremorgenic Mycotoxins, Associated Fungi and Substrates

Tremorgenic
Mycotoxin Associated Fungi Common Substrates
Penitrem A Meat, cereals, nuts, cheeses, eggs, fruits, processed/
Penicillium crustosum refrigerated foods, refuse, compost
Penicillium cyclopium
Penicillium commune
Penicillium spp.
Roquefortines a Penicillium roqueforti Same as penitrem A
Same as penitrem A and sometimes
concurrently with penitrem A
Janthitrems A, B, Penicillium janthinellum Perennial ryegrass
and C
Verruculogen Penicillium spp. Soil, seeds, cereal crops
Aspergillus spp.
Tryptoquivaline Penicillium spp. Soil, seeds, cereal crops
tremorgens b
Aspergillus clavatus Sprouting cereal grains, malting byproducts
Territrems A and B Aspergillus terreus Cereal grains
Aflatrem Aspergillus flavus Corn
Lolitrems A, B, C Neotyphodium lolii Perennial ryegrass
and D
Paxilline Neotyphodium lolii Perennial ryegrass
Lolitriol Neotyphodium lolii Perennial ryegrass
Paspalitrems A, B Claviceps paspali Dallisgrass
and C
Claviceps cinerea Bahiagrass
Hilaria spp.
Claviceps cynodontis Bermudagrass
Paspalinine Same as paspalitrems Same as paspalitrems
a
Roquefortine C has actually been associated with paralysis in several species.
b
Includes quinazoline ring-containing indole alkaloids with structures similar to tryptoquivaline.
Hocking et al., 1988; Breton et al., 1998; Cavanagh et al., synthesized by Penicillium spp. (Hooser and Talcott,
1998). Dogs can be poisoned by eating walnuts and a 2006), and, interestingly, P. crustosum, as well as sev-
variety of other unused or discarded foodstuffs infected eral other Penicillium spp., can produce penitrem A and
with Penicillium spp. (Richard et al., 1981; Boysen roquefortines concurrently following growth and sporu-
et al., 2002; Young et al., 2003; Munday et al., 2008), lation (Vesonder et al., 1980; Wagener et al., 1980;
and field cases of poisoning have also been documented Kyriakidis et al., 1981; Mantle et al., 1983; Boysen
in cattle, sheep, and horses (Cavanagh et al., 1998; et al., 2002; Young et al., 2003). In fact, roquefortine C,
Hocking et al., 1988; Boysen et al., 2002; Walter, 2002; which has itself been associated with anorexia and
Young et al., 2003). Penicillium crustosum is an espe- paralysis, has been found to be a reliable biomarker for
cially common foodborne fungus that causes spoilage in the tremorgenic mycotoxinpenitremA,ininstances
a wide variety of foods, including meat, cereals, nuts, where that tremorgen was present in lower concentra-
cheese, eggs, fruits, and processed and refrigerated tions, at or slightly below its level of detection (Tiwary
food, and almost all P. crustosum isolates produce et al., 2009). Additionally, three other tremorgenic
the mycotoxin penitrem A (Hocking and Pitt, 2003; mycotoxins, janthitrem A, B, and C (molecular weight
Rundberget et al., 2004). Roquefortines can also be 601, 585, and 565, respectively) can also be produced