Page 1103 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Tremorgenic Mycotoxins Chapter | 74 1035

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FIGURE 74.1 The structures of selected indole diterpene tremorgenic mycotoxins are shown. This figure was adapted, with permission, from
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), 2003. Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Task Force Report 139.
CAST, Ames, Iowa and from Cole, R.J., Cox, R.H., 1981. Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites. Academic Press, New York, NY. Modifications cour-
tesy of Don Connor and Howard Wilson.

by a species of Penicillium (i.e., Penicillium janthinel- Aspergillus as well as Penicillium (Gallagher and Latch,
lum), and these tremorgens have been associated with 1977). Likewise, tryptoquivaline and related quinazoline
staggers outbreaks in sheep grazing ryegrass (Gallagher ring-containing indole alkaloids are also produced by
et al., 1980; Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. (Gao et al., 2011).
Tremorgenic mycotoxins isolated from Aspergillus ter-
Aspergillus-Associated Tremorgenic reus include territrem A and B, which were previously
designated as C 1 and C 2 , respectively (Ling et al., 1979),
Mycotoxins
and Aspergillus flavus can, in addition to aflatoxins, also
Verruculogen, another tremorgenic mycotoxin containing produce tremorgenic aflatrem and other indole diterpene
the indole moiety and associated with tremors in mice, mycotoxins (e.g., paspalinine) in contaminated corn
rats, and farm animals, is produced by species of (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001).