Page 1227 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

1158 SECTION | XVIII Prevention and Treatment

VetBooks.ir the medication with canned food caused a four- to five- Aronson, L.R., Drobatz, K., 1996. Acetaminophen toxicosis in 17 cats.
J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care. 6, 65 69.
fold increase in bioavailability (Plumb, 2015).
Bailey Jr, E.M., Garland, T., 1992. Management of toxicoses.
Oral administration is preferred since the vitamin K 1
will be carried, via the portal circulation, directly to the In: Robinson, N.E. (Ed.), Current Therapy in Equine Medicine 3. W.
B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp. 346 353.
liver where the activation of clotting factors occurs
Ball, A., 2014. Managing hypernatremia after activated charcoal admin-
(Merola, 2002). Additionally, vitamin K 1 injections have
istration. Vet. Med. 109, 128 130.
been associated with anaphylactic reactions and hema-
Beasley, V.R., Dorman, D.C., 1990. Management of toxicoses. Vet.
toma formation (Plumb, 2015). However, IM administra-
Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 20, 307 337.
tion is recommended by many authors for livestock, Brown, C.M., Bertone, J., 2001. The 5-Minute Veterinary Consult Equine.
perhaps for ease of administration. The recommended Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 816 817.
dose for cattle, horses, swine, sheep, and goats is Buck, W.B., Bratich, P.M., 1986. Activated charcoal: preventing unnec-
0.5 2.5 mg/kg IM (Knight, 2004; Plumb, 2015). essary death by poisoning. Vet. Med. 81, 73 77.
The length of vitamin K 1 administration depends on Buckley, N.A., Dawson, A.H., Reith, D.A., 1995. Controlled release
the toxicant. Warfarin exposures generally require a drugs in overdose, clinical considerations. Drug Safety 12, 73 84.
14-day course. Second generation anticoagulant rodenti- Cantilena Jr, L.R., 2001. Clinical toxicology. In: Klaassen, C.D. (Ed.),
Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons,
cides should be treated for 30 days, except for bromadio-
sixth ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, pp. 1109 1122.
lone, which should be treated for 21 days (Means, 2004a).
Cheeke, P.R., 1998. Natural Toxicants in Feeds, Forages, and Poisonous
Moldy sweet clover poisoning should be treated for 1 2
Plants. Interstate Publishers, Inc, Danville, CA.
weeks (Knight, 2004). In all cases, a prothrombin time
Clark, R., Curry, S., Selden, B., 1991. Digoxin-specific Fab fragments in
should be checked 48 72 h after the course of vitamin the treatment of oleander toxicity in the canine model. Ann. Emerg.
K 1 is complete. If this test is abnormal, resume vitamin Med. 20, 1073 1077.
K 1 therapy for an additional 7 days (Merola, 2002). Connally, H.E., Forney, S.D., Grauer, G.F., et al., 1996. Safety and effi-
Blood transfusions may be required in severely symp- cacy of 4-methylpyrazole treatment of suspected or confirmed ethyl-
tomatic patients, since it may take 6 12 h for the liver to ene glycol intoxication in dogs: 107 cases (1983 1995). J. Am. Vet.
produce active clotting factors following initiation of vita- Med. Assoc. 209, 1880 1883.
min K 1 therapy (Plumb, 2015). Exercise restriction is Connally, H.E., Hamar, D.W., Thrall, M.A., 2002. Resident Forum
Abstract from 8th IVECCS San Antonio, Texas. Safety and efficacy
indicated in all patients during this lag time to prevent
of high dose fomepizole as therapy for ethylene glycol intoxication
active bleeding (Merola, 2002). Substituting vitamin K 3
in cats. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 12, 191.
(menadione) for vitamin K 1 is not recommended, as it is
Crandell, D.E., Weinberg, M.D., 2009. Moxidectin toxicosis in a puppy
not as effective and is nephrotoxic in horses (Merola,
successfully treated with intravenous lipids. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit.
2002; Knight, 2004). Care 19, 181 186.
Dalefield, R., 2004. Ethylene glycol. In: Plumlee, K.H. (Ed.), Clinical
Veterinary Toxicology. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, pp. 150 154.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DeClementi, C., Bailey, K.L., Goldstein, S.C., Orser, M.S., 2004.
Suspected toxicosis after topical administration of minoxidil in 2
DIRECTIONS
cats. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 14, 287 292.
Proper client education is crucial to poison prevention. Donnelly, T.M., 2004. Rabbits. Basic anatomy, physiology, and hus-
However, when poisonings do occur, the clinician should bandry. In: Quesenberry, K.E., Carpenter, J.W. (Eds.), Ferrets,
Rabbits, and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery, second ed.
concentrate on treating the patient and not the poison.
Saunders, St. Louis, MO, pp. 136 139.
The same principles of history collection, physical exami-
Echols, S., 2005. Collecting diagnostic samples in avian patients.
nation, and patient monitoring that are used in other cases
In: Rupley, A.E. (Ed.), The Clinics Collection Veterinary Clinics of
should be applied when managing a poisoning patient.
North America Exotic Animal Practice. W.B. Saunders Company,
Appropriate decontamination and antidotal therapies Philadelphia, PA, pp. 60 63.
should be decided on after initial patient stabilization. Fikes, J.D., 1990. Organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Vet.
Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 20, 353 367.
Fikes, J.D., 1992. Feline chlorpyrifos toxicosis. In: Kirk, R.W.,
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Allerton, J.P., Strom, J.A., 1991. Hypernatremia due to repeated doses of Galey, F.D., 1992. Diagnostic toxicology. In: Robinson, N.E. (Ed.),
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