Page 420 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Toxicity of Drugs of Abuse Chapter | 22 387

VetBooks.ir TABLE 22.1 DEA Drug Schedules Examples

Description
Classification
Schedule I 1. High potential for abuse Heroin
2. No accepted medical use in United States LSD
3. Lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Marijuana
MDMA
Mescaline
Psilocybin
Schedule II 1. High potential for abuse Amphetamine
2. Currently accepted medical uses; may have restrictions Cocaine
3. Severe physical or psychological dependence potential with abuse Methamphetamine
Morphine
Opium
Pentobarbital
Phencyclidine
Schedule III 1. Less potential for abuse than Schedule I or II drugs Ketamine
2. Currently accepted medical uses Testosterone
3. Moderate or low potential for physical or psychological dependence with abuse Thiopental
Schedule IV 1. Low potential for abuse relative to Schedule III Butorphanol
2. Currently accepted medical use Diazepam
3. Limited physical or psychological dependence potential with abuse Midazolam
Schedule V 1. Low potential for abuse compared to Schedule IV Low-dose codeine
preparations
2. Currently accepted medical use Low-dose opium
preparations
3. Limited potential for physical or psychological dependence with abuse compared Pregablin
to Schedule IV

for the drugs that bind to them, including opioid receptors 2004; Volmer, 2005). Sinsemilla, Spanish for “without
and cannabinoid receptors. seeds,” accounts for approximately 85% of US marijuana
production because of the absence of seeds and the very
high content of the active ingredient. Hashish is a dried
Marijuana
and compressed resin made from the C. sativa and is
Cannabis sativa has been used for over 4000 years for its often formed into balls, sheets, and cakes to be used for
psychotropic effects (Di Marzo and De Petrocellis, 2006). smoking. Hashish oil, even more concentrated, may be
Surveys of US students found that approximately 33% mixed with tobacco or marijuana and smoked.
37% had used marijuana by the last year of high school Cannabinoids are a variety of related compounds found
and 11% had used it in eighth grade (Eaton et al., 2010; in C. sativa. More than 60 are known, the most important
9
Latimer and Zur, 2010). Common names include mari- being Δ -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC is a lipid solu-
juana, hemp or Indian hemp, pot, ganja, dagga, hashish, ble monoterpene present in all parts of the plant, with the
and kief (Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). The crude product, highest concentrations in the flowers and leaves (Ashton,
usually called marijuana in the United States, is produced 2001; Burrows and Tyrl, 2001). The THC content of mari-
from dried chopped leaves and the female inflorescences juana can range from 0.4% to 20% (Fitzgerald et al.,
(Kisseberth and Trammel, 1990; Frohne and Pfa ¨nder, 2013). Common cultivars grown in 1974 contained