Page 439 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

406 SECTION | IV Drugs of Use and Abuse

VetBooks.ir primates averages 55.6 min (Prisinzano, 2005). Unlike Banken, J.A., 2004. Drug abuse trends among youth in the United
States. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1025, 465 471.
other traditional hallucinogens, salvinorin-A is an agonist
Bischoff, K., Beier, E., Edwards, W.C., 1998. Methamphetamine poison-
at the κ receptor and has no known effect on the 5-HT 2A
receptor. There is evidence that salvinorin-A also acts at ing in three Oklahoma dogs. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 40, 19 20.
Bischoff, K., Jaeger, R., Ebel, J.G., 2011. An unusual case of relay pen-
the CB1 receptor. Clinical signs reported in humans have
tobarbital toxicosis in a dog. J. Med. Toxicol. 7 (3), 236 239.
included disorientation, tachycardia, and acute psychosis
Branson, K.R., 2001. Injectable anesthetics. In: Adams, R. (Ed.),
(Rech et al., 2014). No toxic effects were seen in mice
Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, eighth ed. Iowa State
given high doses of salvia. No poisonings have been
University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 213 267.
reported in domestic animals. Branson, K.R., Gross, M.E., 2001. Opioid agonists and antagonists.
In: Adams, R. (Ed.), Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,
eighth ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 213 267.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE
Bruhn, J.G., De Smet, P.A.G.M., El-Seedi, H.R., et al., 2002. Mescaline
DIRECTIONS use for 5700 years. Lancet 359: 1866.
Buchanan, J.A., Vogel, J.A., Eberhardt, A.M., 2010. Levamisole-induced
Toxicoses due to ingestion of illegal substances are infre-
occlusive necrotizing vasculitis of the ears after use of cocaine con-
quently reported in veterinary literature but are anec-
taminated with levamisole. J. Med. Toxicol. Online First Accessed
dotally common. With the high incidence of February 19, 2011.
“recreational” drug use in the United States, occasional Buchta, R., 1988. Deliberate intoxication of young children and pets
companion animal exposures are expected. Exposures are with drugs: a survey of an adolescent population in a private prac-
through accidental ingestion of the owner or neighbor’s tice. Am. J. D. C. 142, 701 702.
private “stash” or intentional exposure, either in attempt- Burrows, G.E., Tyrl, R.J., 2001. Toxic Plants of North America. Iowa
ing to get the pet “stoned” or with lethal intent. Though State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 316 319.
companion animals are far more likely to ingest “recrea- Cardassis, J., 1951. Intoxication des e ´quide ´s par Cannabis indica. Rec.
Me ´d. Ve ´t. 127, 971 973.
tional” drugs, there are documented exposures of cattle
Catravas, J.D., Waters, I.W., 1981. Acute cocaine intoxication in the
and horses to illegally cultivated marijuana, and illegal
conscious dog: studies on the mechanism of lethality. J. Pharmacol.
drugs have been used to alter the performance of horses
Exp. Thet. 217, 350 356.
and other animal athletes.
Catravas, J.D., Waters, I.W., Hickenbottom, J.P., et al., 1977. The effects
There are numerous drugs used for recreational pur- of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and propranolol on acute amphet-
poses, and their actions vary mechanistically, producing a amine poisoning in the conscious dog. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 202,
broad range of clinical signs. Treatment requires detoxifi- 230 243.
cation and symptomatic and supportive therapy. Rarely are Christie, K.L., Lee, U.J., Lemoy, J.-J., et al., 2013. Generalized seizure
specific antidotes available, though antagonists are avail- activity in an adult Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) during ketamine
able for opioid drugs. The quantity of the drug ingested anesthesia and urodynamic studies. Comp. Med. 63 (5), 445 447.
and the severity of clinical signs are important factors for Cochin, J., Woods, L.A., Seevers, M.H., 1950. The absorption, distribu-
tion, and urinary excretion of mescaline in the dog. J. Pharmacol.
determining the treatment regimen and prognosis. Some
Exp. Ther. 101, 205 209.
drugs, however, such as marijuana, can cause severe CNS
Compton, W.M., Thomas, Y.F., Conway, K.P., et al., 2005.
symptoms in animals and yet have an excellent prognosis
Developments in the epidemiology of drug use and drug use disor-
with early and appropriate intervention.
ders. Am. J. Psychiatr. 162, 1492 1502.
Cornelis, I., Vandenbeele, S., Dunon, D., et al., 2016. Presumed
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