Page 556 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Neonicotinoids Chapter | 40 523

VetBooks.ir ing of neonicotinoids at low levels is decreased activity Kagabu, S., 2011. Discovery of imidacloprid and further developments
The most common adverse effects observed with dos-
239th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, San Francisco,
California, USA, 21 25: 2897 2908.
and tremors, impaired pupillary function (dilated or pin-
point pupils), and uncoordinated gait; hypothermia is from strategic molecular designs. J. Agr. Food Chem. 59,
2887 2896.
observed at higher doses. At lethal doses, deaths are
Liu, M.-Y., Casida, J.E., 1993. High affinity binding of [3H]
observed within 4 h of dosing. If death did not occur,
Imidacloprid in the insect acetylcholine receptor. Pestic. Biochem.
recovery was observed within 8 24 h of dosing.
Physiol. 46, 40 46.
Lundin, O., Rundlo ¨f, M., Smith, H.G., et al., 2015. Neonicotinoid
insecticides and heir impacts onbees: asystematicreviewof
TREATMENT
research approaches and identification of knowledge gap.
There is no specific antidote to treatment of overdoses of PLoS One. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0136928.
imidacloprid. Treatment is symptomatic. If the exposure
Minamida, I., Iwanaga, K., Tabuchi, T., et al., 1993. Synthesis and insec-
is dermal, washing the affected animal with soap and
ticidal activity of acyclic nitroethene compounds containing a het-
water is indicated. If the exposure is oral, emetics, adsor-
eroarylmethylamino group. J. Pestic. Sci. 18, 41.
bents, or cathartics could be used depending on whether
Nagata, K., Aoyama, E., Ikeda, T., et al., 1999. Effects of nitenpyram on
vomiting is occurring spontaneously or not. Absorption the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-channel in rat phaeo-
and elimination of imidacloprid is rapid, so immediate chromocytoma PC12 cells. J. Pestic. Sci. 24, 143 148.
supportive care should allow for rapid recovery. Pandit, A.H., Choudhary, S., et al., 2016. Imidacloprid induced hitomor-
phological changes and expression of TLR-4 and TNFα in lung.
Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 131, 9 17.
CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE Rose, P.H., 2012. Nicotine and the nicotinoids. In: Marrs, T.C. (Ed.),
DIRECTIONS Mammalian Toxicology of Insecticides. RSC Publ, Cambridge,
pp. 184 220.
The neonicotinoids have a wide safety margin in mam- Sa ´nchez-Bayo, F., 2014. The trouble with neonicotinoids. Science. 346,
mals, and the insecticidal activity can be targeted so this 806 807.
class of compounds can have wide future use as an insec- Schroeder, M.E., Flattum, R.F., 1984. The mode of action and neuro-
ticide. The neonicotinoids have been restricted in many toxic properties of the nitromethylene heterocycle insecticides. Pest
parts of Europe since 2013 because of the association Biochem. Physiol. 22, 148 160.
with the colony collapse syndrome in bees. The European Sheets, L.P., 2001. The neonicotinoid insecticides. In: Massaro, E. (Ed.),
Handbook of Neurotoxicology, vol. 1. Humana Press, pp. 79 87.
Union is reviewing the restrictions on the neonicotinoids
Sheets, L.P., Li, A.A., Minnema, D.J., 2016. A critical review of neoni-
and the review will conclude in 2017.
cotinoid insecticides for developmental neurotoxicity. Crit. Rev.
Toxicol. 46, 153 190.
Soloway, S.B., Henry, A.C., Kollmeyer, W.D., et al., 1978.
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