Page 583 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

548 SECTION |VI Insecticids

VetBooks.ir in dogs, cats, and horses (Crandell and Weinberg, 2009; REFERENCES
Jourdan et al., 2015; Pollio et al., 2016). Lipid emulsions
Alvinerie, M., Sutra, J.F., Galtier, P., Toutain, P.L., 1987. Determination
are made from purified soybean oil in water, are com-
monly used in medicine to provide intravenous (paren- of invermectin in milk by high performance liquid chromatography.
Ann. Rech. Vet. 18, 269 274.
teral) nutrition, and are the delivery mechanism for
Alvinerie, M., Sutra, J.F., Galtier, P., 1993. Ivermectin in goat plasma
certain hydrophobic drugs like propofol.
and milk after subcutaneous injection. Ann. Rech. Vet. 24,
The mechanism by which ILE is effective at treating 417 421.
toxicoses is not yet fully understood. However, the fact Anastaseo, A., Esposito, M., Amorena, M., et al., 2002. Residue study of
that ILE seems to be most effective in treating overdosage ivermectin in plasma, milk, and mozzarella cheese following subcu-
of lipid soluble medications suggests that the infusion taneous administration to buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J. Agric. Food
expands the amount of plasma lipid, which acts as a sink Chem. 50, 5244 5245.
in which the offending xenobiotic can gather, thus reduc- Ball, A., 2014. Managing hypernatremia after activated charcoal admin-
ing free drug concentrations. In theory the xenobiotic is istration. Vet. Med. 109, 128 130.
Beasley, V.R., Dorman, D.C., Fikes, J.D., Diana, S.G., 1999. A Systems
trapped in the plasma lipid so it is not available to act on
Affected Approach to Toxicology. University of Illinois College of
other tissues (Crandell and Weinberg, 2009; O’Brien
Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, pp. 249 252.
et al., 2010; Clarke et al., 2011).
Bennett, D.G., 1986. Clinical pharmacology of ivermectin. J. Am. Vet.
The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center uses the Med. Assoc. 189, 100 104.
following dosing protocol for ILE. Using a 20% product, Bishop, B.F., Bruce, C.I., Evans, N.A., et al., 2000. Selamectin: a novel
give an initial bolus of 1.5 mL/kg slowly then start a con- broad spectrum endoctocide for dogs and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 91,
tinuous rate infusion (CRI) of 0.25 mL/kg/min for 163 176.
30 60 min (Merola and Eubig, 2012). Four hours after Bogan, J.A., McKellar, Q.A., 1988. The pharmacokinetics of ivermectin
the CRI is finished, check the serum for hyperlipemia and in sheep and cattle. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 260 268.
to see if the serum is orange or yellow. If the serum looks Campbell, W.C., 1989. Ivermectin and Abamectin. Springer Verlag,
New York, NY.
normal, repeat the initial bolus and CRI again. If hyperli-
Campbell, W.C., Fisher, M.H., Stapley, E.O., et al., 1983. Avermectin: a
pemia or a color change is present, check the serum for
potent new antiparasitic agent. Science 222, 823.
resolution every 2 h. Repeat the initial bolus and CRI
Clarke, D.L., Lee, J.A., Murphy, L.A., Reineke, E.L., 2011. Use of intra-
once the hyperlipemia or color change resolves. If a third
venous lipid emulsion to treat ivermectin toxicosis in a Border
dose is needed, follow the above directions beginning 4 h Collie. JAVMA 239, 1328 1333.
after the second CRI finishes. Do not give more than three Clayton, L.A., Nelson, J., Payton, M.E., et al., 2012. Presumptive iver-
doses if there has been no significant response. mectin overdose in a group of dendrobatid frogs. J. Herpet. Med.
Possible side effects of administering ILE include Surg. 22, 5 11.
induction of pancreatitis, creation of a fat embolism, Code of Federal Regulations, 1998. Title 21, Sec. 556.344. U.S.
immunosuppression, phlebitis, thrombosis, hypertriglycer- Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. Available at: http://
idemia, and hepatic lipidosis (Crandell and Weinberg, www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c5ecfrandtpl5/ecfrbrowse/Title21/
21cfr556_main_02.tpl (accessed 27.02.17.).
2009; O’Brien et al., 2010).
Crandell, D.E., Weinberg, M.D., 2009. Moxidectin toxicosis in a puppy
successfully treated with intravenous lipids. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit.
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CONCLUDING REMARKS
Dryden, M.W., Atkins, C.E., Evans, N.A., et al., 2001. Insight: new per-
AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ceptions for veterinary innovators. (Sym.). Pfizer, pp. 7 55.
Dunn, S.T., Hedges, L., Sampson, K.E., et al., 2011. Pharmacokinetic
MLs are commonly used as insecticides, nematicides, and
interaction of the antiparasitic agents ivermecin and spinosad. Drug
acaricides in animals. Among all MLs, acute toxicosis is Metab. Dispos. 39, 789 795.
more often encountered with ivermectin. Poisoning occurs Egerton, J.R., Ostlind, D.A., Blair, L.S., et al., 1979. Avermectins, new
in dogs (especially collies) and cats due to inadvertent or family of potent anthelmintic agents: efficacy of the B 1a component.
misuse of the product meant for another species. In gen- Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 15, 372 378.
eral, young animals are affected with a greater frequency Fellowes, R.A., Maule, A.G., Martin, R.J., et al., 2000. Classical neuro-
than adults. Clinical signs are those of CNS toxicity. transmitters in the ovijector of Ascaris suum: localization and modu-
Treatment relies upon symptomatic and supportive lation of muscle activity. Parasitology 1221, 325 336.
therapies. Fink, D.W., Porras, A.G., 1989. Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in ani-
mals and humans. In: Campbell, W.C. (Ed.), Ivermectin and
Abamectin. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, pp. 113 130.
Geyer, J., Klintsch, S., Meerkamp, K., et al., 2007. Detection of the
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
nt230 (del4) MDR1 mutation in white Swiss shepherd dogs: case
One of the authors (RCG) would like to thank Mrs. Robin B. Doss reports of doramectin toxicosis, breed predisposition, and microsat-
for her assistance in the preparation of this chapter. ellite analysis. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 30, 482 485.