Page 814 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae) Toxins Chapter | 57 773

VetBooks.ir with a range of target organs, but for each cyanobacterial Ballot, A., Fastner, J., Wiedner, C., 2010. Paralytic shellfish poisoning
toxin-producing cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile in north-
species, it is very difficult to predict the nature and the
east Germany. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76, 1173 1180.
level of the toxin production for a specific bloom.
Although newer detection methods allow for better moni- Banker, R., Carmeli, S., et al., 1997. Identification of cylindrospermop-
sin in Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Cyanophyceae) isolated from
toring of potentially harmful blooms, there is still a need
lake Kinneret, Israel. J. Phycol. 33, 613 616.
to apply these existing methods spatially and temporally
Barik, J., Wonnacott, S., 2006. Indirect modulation by alpha7 nicotinic
and to develop lower cost, field-ready alternatives acces-
acetylcholine receptors of noradrenaline release in rat hippocampal
sible to even remote areas. It is also important to develop
slices: interaction with glutamate and GABA systems and effect of
more sophisticated methods that allow testing for a wider nicotine withdrawal. Mol. Pharmacol. 69, 618 628.
range of cyanotoxins and matrices in order to reliably Bartram, J., Carmichael, W.W., et al., 1999. Introduction. In: Chorus, I.,
confirm intoxications and improve overall risk assess- Bartram, J. (Eds.), Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A Guide to Their
ment. Some recently developed methods have been useful Public Health Consequences, Monitoring and Management. E & FN
in analyzing biological specimens in order to confirm a Spon, London, pp. 1 14.
diagnosis of poisoning, but due to lack of availability and Bautista, A.C., Moore, C.E., et al., 2015. Hepatopathy following
high cost, they are rarely pursued in suspect cases. The consumption of a commercially available blue-green algae dietary
supplement in a dog. BMC Vet. Res. 11, 136.
lack of methods to confirm exposure is most likely
Beltran, E.C., Neilan, B.A., 2000. Geographical segregation of the
responsible for the low number of reported cases in the
neurotoxin-producing cyanobacterium Anabaena circinalis. Appl.
veterinary literature during the past 20 30 years. The
Environ. Microbiol. 66, 4468 4474.
incorporation of new analytical methods into diagnosis
Benson, J.M., Hutt, J.A., et al., 2005. The toxicity of microcystin LR in
should provide insight into the true frequency of cyano- mice following 7 days of inhalation exposure. Toxicon. 45,
toxin poisoning in animals. For example, in the United 691 698.
States, several dog intoxications due to anatoxin-a have Bidigare, R.R., Christensen, S.J., Wilde, S.B., et al., 2009. Cyanobacteria
recently been identified in different regions in relation and BMAA: possible linkage with avian vacuolar myelinopathy
with the development of an analytical method using high- (AVM) in the southeastern United States. Amyotroph. Lateral. Scler.
performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry 10 (Suppl. 2), 71 73.
analysis (Puschner et al., 2008, 2010). In addition, infor- Billam, M., Mukhi, S., et al., 2008. Toxic response indicators of
microcystin-LR in F344 rats following a single-dose treatment.
mation is needed on the efficacy of therapeutic measures.
Toxicon. 51, 1068 1080.
Similar to advisories for human populations, it is advis-
Bogialli, S., Bruno, M., et al., 2005. Simple assay for analyzing five
able to take preventative measures to avoid contact with
microcystins and nodularin in fish muscle tissue: hot water extrac-
surface waters containing visible blooms for all veterinary
tion followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
species, particularly when the water is utilized for a drink- J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 6586 6592.
ing source or for bathing. Bradley, W.G., Mash, D.C., 2009. Beyond Guam: the cyanobacteria/
BMAA hypothesis of the cause of ALS and other neurodegenerative
REFERENCES diseases. Amyotroph. Lat. Scler. 10 (Suppl. 2), 7 20.
Braun, A., Pfeiffer, T., 2002. Cyanobacterial blooms as the cause of a
Aas, P., Eriksen, S., et al., 1996. Enhancement of acetylcholine release Pleistocene large mammal assemblage. Paleobiology. 28, 139 154.
by homoanatoxin-a from Oscillatoria formosa. Environ. Toxicol. Briand, J.F., Jacquet, S., Bernard, C., et al., 2003. Health hazards for ter-
Pharmacol. 2, 223 232. restrial vertebrates from toxic cyanobacteria in surface water ecosys-
Agrawal, M.K., Ghosh, S.K., et al., 2006. Occurrence of microcystin- tems. Vet. Res. 34, 361 377.
containing toxic water blooms in central India. J Microbiol Briand, J.F., Jacquet, S., et al., 2005. Variations in the microcystin pro-
Biotechnol. 16, 212 218. duction of Planktothrix rubescens (Cyanobacteria) assessed from a
Amado, L.L., Monserrat, J.M., 2010. Oxidative stress generation in micro- four-year survey of Lac du Bourget (France) and from laboratory
cystins in aquatic animals: why and how. Environ. Int. 36, 226 235. experiments. Microb. Ecol. 50, 418 428.
Anagnostidis, K., Komarek, J., 1985. Modern approach to the classifica- Bullerjahn, G.S., McKay, R.M., et al., 2016. Global solutions to regional
tion system of cyanophytes. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 7 Algol. Stud. problems: collecting global expertise to address the problem of
38 39, 291 302. harmful cyanobacterial blooms. A Lake Erie case study. Harmful.
Atkins, R., Rose, T., Brown, R.S., Robb, M., 2001. The Microcystis cya- Algae. 54, 223 238.
nobacteria bloom in the Swan River February 2000. Water Sci. Burch, M.D., 2008. Effective doses, guidelines and regulations. Adv.
Technol. 43, 107 114. Exp. Med. Biol. 619, 831 853.
Azevedo, S.M., Carmichael, W.W., et al., 2002. Human intoxication by Campos, F., Alfonso, M., Dura ´n, R., 2010. In vivo modulation of alpha7
microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil. nicotinic receptors on striatal glutamate release induced by anatoxin-
Toxicology. 181 182, 441 446. A. Neurochem. Int. 56, 850 855.
Ballot, A., Krienitz, L., et al., 2004. Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial Carbis, C.R., Simons, J.A., et al., 1994. A biochemical profile for pre-
toxins in three alkaline rift valley lakes of Kenya Lakes Bogoria, dicting the chronic exposure of sheep to Microcystis aeruginosa, an
Nakuru, and Elmenteita. J. Plankton Res. 26, 925 935. hepatotoxic species of blue-green alga. Res. Vet. Sci. 57, 310 316.