Page 1482 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

1454 PART XIV Infectious Diseases

boosters thereafter in high-risk cats and every 2 years in VACCINATION PROTOCOLS FOR DOGS
low-risk cats (Scherk et al., 2013). However, it is difficult to A physical examination, fecal parasite screen, and vaccine
VetBooks.ir determine whether a cat allowed outdoors is high or low needs assessment should be performed at least yearly for
all dogs. The American Animal Hospital Association
risk as the prevalence rates for FeLV may not be known in
all regions. FeLV vaccines are not effective in cats with pro-
tion guidelines for dogs that also included recommenda-
gressive viremia and are therefore not indicated. However, recently published on line the revised version of vaccina-
administration of the vaccine to viremic or latently infected tions for use of canine vaccines in shelters. These guidelines
cats does not pose an increased risk of vaccine reaction. FeLV are an excellent source of information for veterinarians to
testing should be performed before vaccination because the use when individualizing a vaccination protocol for dogs
retrovirus serologic status of all cats should be known to (https://www.aaha.org/guidelines/canine_vaccination_
maintain appropriate husbandry. guidelines.aspx). Different forms of vaccine antigens were
Feline immunodeficiency virus divided into those that were considered core or noncore.
A killed vaccine containing two FIV subtypes (clades A The online AAHA recommendations also have a section on
and D) is currently available in some countries. Little is recommendations for dogs that are overdue for various vac-
known about the efficacy of this vaccine in the field. The cines (www.aaha.org/CanineVaccinesOverdue). The WSAVA
primary problem with FIV vaccination at this time is that guidelines are another excellent source of information con-
the vaccine induces antibodies detectable by some of the cerning vaccination of dogs in different parts of the world
currently available antibody tests. However, one of the (http://www.wsava.org/Guidelines/Vaccination-Guidelines).
test kits (Witness FeLV/FIV, Zoetis Animal Health) rarely
detects FIV antibodies induced by vaccination (Westman Core Vaccines
et al., 2015). Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reac- Canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus, and
tion for detection of FIV provirus is available in some labo- canine distemper virus
ratories but, as discussed in Chapter 96, some FIV-infected Because canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine adenovirus 1
cats will be falsely negative in this assay because of low-level (CAV-1; infectious canine hepatitis), and CDV can be life-
viremia. threatening diseases, all dogs should be vaccinated. For
Feline infectious peritonitis CPV-2, only modified-live products should be used because
A relatively safe coronavirus vaccine that may protect of increased risk of maternal antibody interference with
some cats from developing FIP is currently available for killed products. Both modified-live CDV and recombinant
administration after 16 weeks of age. The vaccine may result CDV (rCDV)-containing vaccines are considered adequate
in mild, transient sneezing because it is administered intra- by the AAHA Task Force. Because of adverse effects associ-
nasally. Antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity has ated with CAV-1 vaccines and poor immune responses asso-
not been detected in field studies. Results of the vaccine ciated with killed CAV-2 or modified-live topical CAV-2
in field studies have been variable. If cats have previously vaccines, only modified-live CAV-2 vaccines for parenteral
been exposed to coronaviruses, the vaccine is unlikely to administration should be used. These vaccines cross-protect
be effective. Because the incidence of disease is low, cats are against canine infectious hepatitis induced by CAV-1 and the
commonly exposed to coronaviruses before vaccination and kennel cough syndrome induced by CAV-2. All puppies
the efficacy is questionable. The AAFP panel considered this should be administered at least three CPV-2, CAV-2, and
vaccine as noncore and generally not recommended, even CDV-containing vaccines, every 3 to 4 weeks, between 6 and
in breeding catteries (Scherk et al., 2013). The vaccine may 16 weeks of age, with the last booster being administered at
be indicated for seronegative cats entering a known FIP- 16 weeks of age or older. Administration of a final dose at 18
infected household or cattery. to 20 weeks of age should be considered for dogs residing in
Rabies high-risk environments. Adult dogs with an unknown vac-
All cats in endemic countries, including the United cination history can be given one dose of MLV CPV-2,
States, should be vaccinated against rabies. Recommenda- CAV-2, and CDV-containing vaccines. Vaccinated dogs
tions concerning rabies can vary by the state and county, and should receive a booster vaccine 1 year later and then boost-
one website can be used to find most requirements (http:// ers at intervals of 3 years. Several CDV-containing products,
www.rabiesaware.org/). Rabies vaccine should be adminis- including the rCDV vaccine, were recently shown to protect
tered as early as 12 weeks of age in accordance with state for at least 3 years (Abdelmagid et al., 2004; Larson et al.,
and local statutes. Cats should be vaccinated 1 year later and 2007). Vaccination of dogs with CPV-2b induces neutraliz-
then either annually or triennially according to state and ing antibodies against CPV-2a and CPV-2c (Wilson et al.,
local statutes and the vaccine product used for the initial 2014).
immunization. A live virus–vectored rabies vaccine with a Dogs should be evaluated at least yearly for risk of infec-
1-year or 3-year label is available in some countries. This tion by CPV, CDV, and CAV during the physical examina-
product induces less inflammation than inactivated rabies tion, checked for enteric parasites, and evaluated for D.
vaccines that contain adjuvants, but whether this vaccine immitis infection in appropriate regions. Positive serologic
is less likely to be associated with injection site sarcomas is tests for CDV and CPV are predictive of resistance after
currently unknown. challenge and can be used in lieu of arbitrary vaccine