Page 1483 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

CHAPTER 93 Prevention of Infectious Diseases 1455

intervals if performed with validated assays. Dogs should all owners regardless of whether an outbreak is currently in
complete the puppy series and be boosted at 1 year of age your region. Live attenuated vaccines for these two viruses
VetBooks.ir before using titers to help predict vaccine need. If the vac- have been shown to be safe and effective after 1 dose in a
mouse model (Rodriguez et al., 2017).
cination status of an adult dog is unknown, the dog should
be vaccinated appropriately and then serologic assessment
Vaccines containing multiple Leptospira interrogans
considered in subsequent years. Leptospira spp.
Rabies serovars Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona) and
All dogs should be administered a 1-year or 3-year rabies Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa, are generally
vaccine following the manufacturer’s recommendations as recommended for dogs with high risk in known endemic
early as 12 weeks of age and based on state, provincial, and/ areas (Sykes et al., 2010). However, some serovars in the
or local requirements. Both puppies and adult dogs with environment are not in any vaccine, and minimal cross-
unknown vaccination history should receive one dose and protection exists between serovars. Thus clients should
return for a booster vaccination 1 year later. Intervals and realize that, even though their dog has been given a Lepto-
product after that booster should be based on state and local spira vaccine, 100% protection cannot be guaranteed. Newer-
statutes (http://www.rabiesaware.org/). generation vaccines have fewer adverse effects than previous
vaccines. In a recent study (Yao et al., 2015), dogs that were
Noncore Vaccines administered a vaccination protocol that included Leptospira
Bordetella bronchiseptica spp. antigens had an incidence rate of reported adverse
In general, B. bronchiseptica rarely causes life-threatening events of 53/10,000 dogs (0.53%). If the vaccines are to be
disease in otherwise healthy animals and is not the only used, puppies should receive the first dose as early as 8 to 9
cause of the CIRDC (Lappin et al., 2017). It is therefore weeks of age with a booster 2 to 4 weeks later. Annual revac-
considered a noncore vaccine. Although parenteral products cination is recommended. In one recent study of one of the
administered twice induce strong serum antibody responses, Leptospira 4 serovar products, significant protection was
in one study intranasal administration was associated with present 15 months after completing the immunization pro-
superior protection on challenge (Davis et al., 2007). It has tocol (Grosenbaugh and Pardo, 2018).
been shown that immunity against B. bronchiseptica can be Parainfluenza virus
induced after 1 dose of intranasal or oral vaccines. The intra- Multiple products that contain CPV-2, CDV, and CAV-2
nasal products have a 12 to 14 month duration of immunity. also contain modified-live parainfluenza, so they are com-
The duration of immunity of parenteral or oral B. bron- monly administered at the same schedule of those core
chiseptica vaccines is currently unknown. The intranasal B. vaccine antigens. Considered alone, parainfluenza is noncore
bronchiseptica vaccines can be administered as early as 3 to because it is not life-threatening, is not zoonotic, and is a
4 weeks of age in outbreaks. Bordetella bronchiseptica vac- self-limited cause of CIRDC. However, outbreaks of clinical
cines for intranasal administration are also available com- disease attributed to parainfluenza are still reported (Weese
bined with modified live parainfluenza or parainfluenza and et al., 2013). Modified-live strains for intranasal administra-
adenovirus 2. tion, with some products combined with a live avirulent
Borrelia burgdorferi strain of B. bronchiseptica, without or without adenovirus 2
The pros and cons of administering B. burgdorferi vac- are available. If used, the intranasal vaccine can be adminis-
cines were discussed in depth in an American College of tered as early as 3 weeks of age; transient sneezing and
Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement (Littman coughing can occur. Annual boosters are recommended in
et al., 2018). A total of three of six panelists recommended previously vaccinated dogs.
use of B. burgdorferi vaccines in endemic areas, independent Rattlesnake vaccine
of current infection status, if the dog is healthy. However, B. The Crotalus atrox toxoid vaccine was designed to protect
burgdorferi vaccination should be considered adjunct to use dogs against the venom of the Western Diamondback Rattle-
of tick control products as vaccine failures can be common. snake. Some cross-protection may exist against the Eastern
Depending on the product used, vaccination can start at 8 Diamondback Rattlesnake but not the Mojave Rattlesnake.
or 9 weeks of age, and a second dose is recommended 2 to Local reactions to this toxoid are common. If used in high-
4 weeks later, with annual boosters. risk dogs in high-risk areas, practitioners should follow the
Canine influenza manufacturer’s label.
In the United States, there are monovalent vaccines for
H3N8 and H3N2 as well as bivalent vaccines containing Suggested Readings
both. Canine influenza vaccines are killed virus vaccines Abdelmagid OY, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and duration of
and should be administered no earlier than 6 weeks of age, immunity of a canine combination vaccine against virulent par-
with a second dose 2 to 4 weeks later. While not all areas of vovirus, infectious canine hepatitis virus, and distemper virus
the United States are considered endemic for these viruses, experimental challenges. Vet Ther. 2004;5:173.
outbreaks can occur and spread quickly, and some dogs have Banerji N, Kapur V, Kanjilal S. Association of germ-line polymor-
prolonged shedding of viral nucleic acids (Newbury et al., phisms in the feline p53 gene with genetic predisposition to
2016). Thus influenza vaccination should be discussed with vaccine-associated feline sarcoma. J Hered. 2007;98(421).