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642    PART IV   Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders


            associated with cystic neoplasia (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma),   Bostrom BM, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in dogs: a retrospective
            but the most common are pseudocysts secondary to pancre-  study of clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological find-
  VetBooks.ir  atitis. A pancreatic pseudocyst is a collection of fluid con-  Brenner K, et al. Juvenile pancreatic atrophy in Greyhounds: 12
                                                                  ings in 61 cases. Vet J. 2013;195:73.
            taining pancreatic enzymes and debris in a nonepithelialized
                                                                  cases (1995-2000). J Vet Intern Med. 2009;23:67.
            sac. Pseudocysts have been recognized in association with
            pancreatitis in cats and dogs, although they appear to be rare,   Chandler ML, et al. A pilot study of protein sparing in healthy dogs
                                                                  using peripheral parenteral nutrition. Res Vet Sci. 2000;69:47.
            and microscopic acinar cysts have been found frequently in   De Cock HE, et al. Prevalence and histopathologic characteristics
            feline chronic pancreatitis. Pseudocysts are not associated   of pancreatitis in cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44:39.
            with any distinct clinicopathologic findings other than those   Etemad B, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and
            associated with the underlying pancreatitis. Analysis of fluid   new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682.
            obtained from a pseudocyst by FNA generally shows a modi-  Fass J, et al. Effects of intravenous ketamine on gastrointestinal
            fied transudate. Amylase and lipase levels can be measured   motility in the dog. Intensive Care Med. 1995;7:584.
            in the pseudocyst fluid. In  humans  the enzyme levels  are   Ferreri JA, et al. Clinical differentiation of acute necrotizing from
            higher in pseudocysts associated with pancreatitis than in   chronic non-suppurative pancreatitis in cats: 63 cases (1996-2001).
            those associated with cystic carcinomas, but the value of   J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:469.
            this measurement in small animals is unknown. Cytology   Furrow E, et al. High prevalence of the c.74A>C SPINK1 variant
                                                                  in Miniature and Standard Schnauzers.  J  Vet Intern  Med.
            can differentiate a pseudocyst from a true abscess because   2012;26:1295.
            a pseudocyst contains amorphous debris, some neutrophils   Gerhardt A, et al. Comparison of the sensitivity of different diag-
            and macrophages, and, rarely, small numbers of reactive   nostic tests for pancreatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15:329.
            fibroblasts, whereas an abscess contains many degenerative   Guija de Arespacochaga A, et al. Comparison of lipase activity in
            neutrophils and variable numbers of pancreatic acinar cells,   peritoneal fluid of dogs with different pathologies—a comple-
            which may appear very atypical as a result of inflammation.  mentary diagnostic tool in acute pancreatitis? J Vet Med A Physiol
              A true pancreatic abscess is a collection of septic exudate   Pathol Clin Med. 2006;53:119.
            that results from secondary infection of necrotic pancreatic   Hess RS, et al. Clinical, clinicopathological, radiographic and ultra-
            tissue or a pancreatic pseudocyst. They are associated with a   sonographic abnormalities in dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis:
            poor prognosis but fortunately are rare in dogs and cats.  70 cases (1986-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:665.
              Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts can be surgical or   Hess RS, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis
                                                                  in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:46.
            medical. Medical treatment by ultrasonography-guided cyst   Hill RC, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis and acute suppurative
            aspiration has had a reasonable success rate. Pancreatic   pancreatitis in  the cat: a retrospective study of  40 cases
            abscesses should be treated surgically with omentalization or   (1976-1989). J Vet Intern Med. 1993;7:25.
            open peritoneal drainage. Both carry a high mortality rate,   Jennings M, et al. Successful treatment of feline pancreatitis using
            but one study suggested that omentalization may be prefer-  an endoscopically placed gastrojejunostomy tube.  J Am Anim
            able (Johnson et al., 2006).                          Hosp Assoc. 2001;37:145.
                                                                 Johnson MD, et al. Treatment for pancreatic abscesses via omental-
            Suggested Readings                                    ization with abdominal closure versus open peritoneal drainage
            Abbo, et al. Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intrave-  in dogs: 15 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:397.
              nous and oral transmucosal administration in dogs.  Vet Ther.   Kimmel SE, et al. Incidence and prognostic value of low plasma
              2008;9:83.                                          ionised calcium concentration in cats with acute pancreatitis: 46
            Abdallah AA, et al. Biliary tract obstruction in chronic pancreatitis.   cases (1996-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001;219:1105.
              HPB (Oxford). 2007;9:421.                          Kook  PH, et al.  Feasibility  and safety  of endoscopic  ultrasound-
            Al-Omran M, et al. Enteral versus parenteral  nutrition  for acute   guided fine needle aspiration of the pancreas in dogs. J Vet Intern
              pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD002837.  Med. 2012;26:513.
            Batchelor DJ, et al. Breed associations for canine exocrine pancre-  Mansfield CS, et al. A pilot study to assess tolerability of early
              atic insufficiency. J Vet Intern Med. 2007a;21:207.  enteral nutrition via esophagostomy tube feeding in dogs with
            Batchelor DJ, et al. Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic   severe acute pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25:419.
              insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is   Mansfield CS, et al. Review of feline pancreatitis. Part 2: clinical
              achieved. J Vet Intern Med. 2007b;21:54.            signs, diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg. 2001;3:125.
            Besselink MG, et al. Probiotic prophylaxis in predicted severe acute   Mansfield CS, et al. Trypsinogen activation peptide in the diagnosis
              pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled   of canine pancreatitis. J Vet Intern Med. 2000;14:346.
              trial. Lancet. 2008;371:651.                       Mansfield, et al. Development of a clinical severity index for dogs
            Bishop MA, et al. Evaluation of the cationic trypsinogen gene for   with acute pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233:936.
              potential mutations in miniature schnauzers with pancreatitis.   Mas A, et al. A blinded randomised controlled trial to determine
              Can J Vet Res. 2004;68:315.                         the effect of enteric coating on enzyme treatment for canine
            Bishop MA, et al. Identification of variants of the SPINK1 gene and   exocrine pancreatic efficiency. BMC Vet Res. 2012;8:127.
              their association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Am   Mohr AJ, et al. Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal perme-
              J Vet Res. 2010;71:527.                             ability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe
            Bledsoe, et al. IgG4-related disease: review of the histopatho-  parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:791.
              logic features, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic approach.   Newman S, et al. Localization of pancreatic inflammation and
              APMIS. 2018;126:469.                                necrosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:488.
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