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642 PART IV Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreatic Disorders
associated with cystic neoplasia (e.g., cystadenocarcinoma), Bostrom BM, et al. Chronic pancreatitis in dogs: a retrospective
but the most common are pseudocysts secondary to pancre- study of clinical, clinicopathological, and histopathological find-
VetBooks.ir atitis. A pancreatic pseudocyst is a collection of fluid con- Brenner K, et al. Juvenile pancreatic atrophy in Greyhounds: 12
ings in 61 cases. Vet J. 2013;195:73.
taining pancreatic enzymes and debris in a nonepithelialized
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sac. Pseudocysts have been recognized in association with
pancreatitis in cats and dogs, although they appear to be rare, Chandler ML, et al. A pilot study of protein sparing in healthy dogs
using peripheral parenteral nutrition. Res Vet Sci. 2000;69:47.
and microscopic acinar cysts have been found frequently in De Cock HE, et al. Prevalence and histopathologic characteristics
feline chronic pancreatitis. Pseudocysts are not associated of pancreatitis in cats. Vet Pathol. 2007;44:39.
with any distinct clinicopathologic findings other than those Etemad B, et al. Chronic pancreatitis: diagnosis, classification, and
associated with the underlying pancreatitis. Analysis of fluid new genetic developments. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:682.
obtained from a pseudocyst by FNA generally shows a modi- Fass J, et al. Effects of intravenous ketamine on gastrointestinal
fied transudate. Amylase and lipase levels can be measured motility in the dog. Intensive Care Med. 1995;7:584.
in the pseudocyst fluid. In humans the enzyme levels are Ferreri JA, et al. Clinical differentiation of acute necrotizing from
higher in pseudocysts associated with pancreatitis than in chronic non-suppurative pancreatitis in cats: 63 cases (1996-2001).
those associated with cystic carcinomas, but the value of J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:469.
this measurement in small animals is unknown. Cytology Furrow E, et al. High prevalence of the c.74A>C SPINK1 variant
in Miniature and Standard Schnauzers. J Vet Intern Med.
can differentiate a pseudocyst from a true abscess because 2012;26:1295.
a pseudocyst contains amorphous debris, some neutrophils Gerhardt A, et al. Comparison of the sensitivity of different diag-
and macrophages, and, rarely, small numbers of reactive nostic tests for pancreatitis in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15:329.
fibroblasts, whereas an abscess contains many degenerative Guija de Arespacochaga A, et al. Comparison of lipase activity in
neutrophils and variable numbers of pancreatic acinar cells, peritoneal fluid of dogs with different pathologies—a comple-
which may appear very atypical as a result of inflammation. mentary diagnostic tool in acute pancreatitis? J Vet Med A Physiol
A true pancreatic abscess is a collection of septic exudate Pathol Clin Med. 2006;53:119.
that results from secondary infection of necrotic pancreatic Hess RS, et al. Clinical, clinicopathological, radiographic and ultra-
tissue or a pancreatic pseudocyst. They are associated with a sonographic abnormalities in dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis:
poor prognosis but fortunately are rare in dogs and cats. 70 cases (1986-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1998;213:665.
Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts can be surgical or Hess RS, et al. Evaluation of risk factors for fatal acute pancreatitis
in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999;214:46.
medical. Medical treatment by ultrasonography-guided cyst Hill RC, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis and acute suppurative
aspiration has had a reasonable success rate. Pancreatic pancreatitis in the cat: a retrospective study of 40 cases
abscesses should be treated surgically with omentalization or (1976-1989). J Vet Intern Med. 1993;7:25.
open peritoneal drainage. Both carry a high mortality rate, Jennings M, et al. Successful treatment of feline pancreatitis using
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able (Johnson et al., 2006). Hosp Assoc. 2001;37:145.
Johnson MD, et al. Treatment for pancreatic abscesses via omental-
Suggested Readings ization with abdominal closure versus open peritoneal drainage
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insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is Mansfield CS, et al. Review of feline pancreatitis. Part 2: clinical
achieved. J Vet Intern Med. 2007b;21:54. signs, diagnosis and treatment. J Feline Med Surg. 2001;3:125.
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Bishop MA, et al. Evaluation of the cationic trypsinogen gene for with acute pancreatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233:936.
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Can J Vet Res. 2004;68:315. the effect of enteric coating on enzyme treatment for canine
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their association with pancreatitis in Miniature Schnauzers. Am Mohr AJ, et al. Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal perme-
J Vet Res. 2010;71:527. ability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe
Bledsoe, et al. IgG4-related disease: review of the histopatho- parvoviral enteritis. J Vet Intern Med. 2003;17:791.
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APMIS. 2018;126:469. necrosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2004;18:488.