Page 765 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

CHAPTER 45 Disorders of Micturition 737

clinical signs. Idiopathic OAB may occur with USMI, and dogs: 25 cases (1992-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2003;223:
475.
the dog can have mixed UI as the reason for the clinical Carofiglio F, et al. Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic
VetBooks.ir signs. Oxybutynin and tolterodine are anticholinergics that effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephed-
may help stop iOAB and promote urine retention. The tricy-
rine in female dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2006;67:723.
clic antidepressants—amitriptyline, imipramine, clomip-
ramine—have anticholinergic properties, which can be de Groat WC, et al. Neurophysiology of micturition and its modi-
fication in animal models of human disease. In: Maggi CA, eds.
considered for the treatment of dogs suspected of having Nervous Control of the Urogenital System: the Autonomic Nervous
iOAB. This class of drugs can also be considered for dogs System. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers;
that have urge incontinence secondary to behavioral prob- 1993:227.
lems as well. However, they should only be used when behav- Hamaide AJ, et al. Urodynamic and morphologic changes in the
ioral modifications have been unsuccessful, and discontinued lower portion of the urogenital tract after administration of
when clinical signs improve. estriol alone and in combination with phenylpropanolamine in
sexually intact and spayed female dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2006;
67:901.
Suggested Readings Hostutler RA, et al. Cystoscopic appearance of proliferative urethri-
Berent A, et al. Evaluation of cystoscopic-guided laser ablation of tis in 2 dogs before and after treatment. J Vet Intern Med.
intramural ectopic ureters in female dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2004;18:113.
2012;240(6):716–725. Lautzenhiser SJ, Bjorling DE. Urinary incontinence in a dog with
Blok BF, Holstege G. The central nervous system control of micturi- an ectopic ureterocele. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2002;38:29.
tion in cats and humans. Behav Brain Res. 1998;92:119. Reeves L, et al. Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral
Byron JK, et al. Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephed- sphincter in 27 dogs. Vet Surg. 2013;42(1):12–18.
rine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of Reichler IM, et al. Changes in plasma gonadotropin concentra-
incontinent female dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2007;21:47. tions and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during the
Byron JK, et al. Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 13 12 months following ovariectomy. Theriogenology. 2004;62:
neutered female dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and relationship of 1391.
weight and age at neuter to development of disease. J Vet Intern Samii VF, et al. Digital fluoroscopic excretory urography, digital
Med. 2017;31(2):442–448. fluoroscopic urethrography, helical computed tomography, and
Cannizzo KL, et al. Evaluation of transurethral cystoscopy and cystoscopy in 24 dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia. J Vet
excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureters in female Intern Med. 2004;18:271.

Drugs Used in Dogs and Cats With Urinary Tract Disorders

DRUG TRADE NAME ACTION DOSAGE
Allopurinol Zyloprim Xanthine oxidase inhibitor 5-10 mg/kg PO q12h (dog)
Aluminum carbonate, Basaljel, Enteric phosphate binders 10-30 mg/kg PO q8h, with or
aluminum hydroxide Amphojel immediately after meals
Amitriptyline Elavil Norepinephrine (NE) 2.5-5 mg/cat PO q12h; 1-2 mg/kg PO
reuptake inhibition q12h (dog)
Amlodipine Norvasc Calcium antagonist 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO q12-24h (dog);
0.625-1.25 mg PO q24h (cat)
Ammonium chloride Urinary acidifier 100 mg/kg PO q12h (dog); 800 mg
mixed with food daily (≈ 1 4 tsp, cat)
Aspirin Antiplatelet, 0.5-5 mg/kg PO q12h (dog); 0.5-5 mg/
antiinflammatory kg PO q48-72h (cat)
Azathioprine Imuran Immunosuppressant 1-2 mg/kg PO q24h initially, then
0.5-1 mg/kg PO q48h (dogs only)
Benazepril Lotensin Angiotensin-converting 0.25-0.5 mg/kg PO q24h
enzyme inhibitor
Bethanechol Urecholine Parasympathomimetic 5-15 mg total dose PO q8h (dog);
2.5 mg/cat PO q12h (cat)
Calcium acetate PhosLo Enteric phosphate binder 5-25 mg/kg PO q8h, immediately after
meals
Continued