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1148  Section 10  Renal and Genitourinary Disease

            (a)                                              (b)
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            (c)                                              (d)























                                    (e)






















            Figure 123.17  Percutaneous cystolithotomy performed in a male dog. (a) A single small incision is made into the abdominal cavity just
            over the apex of the urinary bladder. (b) Once the bladder is palpated digitally, stay sutures are used to hold the bladder up to the incision.
            (c) A laparoscopic screw‐tip cannula is inserted into the bladder at the apex. (d) A small rigid cystoscope is inserted through this port into
            the bladder. (e) Stones are identified and removed.
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