Page 55 - 2021_MJ_Complete

7. L.M. Maruschak & T.D. Minton, Safely cutting 17. Bennett & Lattin, “Jail Capacity
“Correctional Populations in the Planning.”
United States, 2017-2018” (Bureau 18. Z. Zeng, “Jail Inmates in 2017”
of Justice Statistics, 2020), www.bjs. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2019),
gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus1718. jail costs could www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/
pdf; National Association of State ji17.pdf.
Budget Officers, “1991–2019 State
Expenditure Report Data” (2019), provide needed 19. C. Mai et al., “Broken Ground: Why
www.nasbo.org/mainsite/reports- America Keeps Building More Jails
data/state-expenditure-report/ and What It Can Do Instead” (Vera
ser-download-data. Institute of Justice, 2019), www.
vera.org/downloads/publications/
8. “Local expenditures” refers to budget relief for broken-ground-jail-construction.pdf.
direct spending only and excludes
intergovernmental transfers. See 20. D.A. Kimme, G.M. Bowker, & R.G.
methodology for additional details. local jurisdictions Deichman, “Jail Design Guide”
(National Institute of Corrections,
9. National Conference of State 2011), https://s3.amazonaws.com/
Legislatures, “State Policies static.nicic.gov/Library/024806.pdf.
Affecting Local Jails,” accessed in the coming
Sept. 29, 2020, www.ncsl.org/ 21. Mai et al., “Broken Ground.”
research/ civil-and-criminal-justice/ 22. Federal Bureau of Investigation,
state-policies-affecting-local-jails. months... “Crime in the United States” (2007
aspx; R. Williams, “Bail or Jail,” and 2017), www.fbi.gov/services/
State Legislatures Magazine (May cjis/ucr.
2012), www.ncsl.org/research/civil- 23. Zeng, “Jail Inmates in 2017.”
and-criminal-justice/bail-or-jail. 24. Ibid.
aspx; The Pew Charitable Trusts,
“To Safely Cut Incarceration, States 25. This analysis looks at jails as a
Rethink Responses to Supervision percentage of all local expenditures
Violations” (2019), www.pewtrusts. to adjust for differences in cost of
org/en/research-and-analysis/ jurisdictions to operate jails/house living between states. Correlations
issue-briefs/2019/07/to-safely- their local correctional popula- were tested using a Pearson statistic:
cut-incarceration-states-rethink- tion or are part of a regional jail crime rates and the portion spent
responses-to-supervision-violations; system, roughly 21% of the sample on local jails: r=0.09; p-value=0.57;
D.M. Bennett & D. Lattin, “Jail counties did not include direct crime rates and the total spent on
Capacity Planning Guide: A Systems jail expenditure functions in their local jails: r=0.13; p-value=0.41.
Approach” (National Institute Annual Survey of State and Local Subsequent analyses also found no
of Corrections, 2009), https:// Government Finances data. correlation between jail expendi-
info.nicic.gov/nicrp/system/ 14. U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey tures per state resident and crime
files/022722.pdf. of Public Employment and Payroll, rates: r=-0.07; p-value=0.66.
10. Henrichson, Rinaldi, & Delaney, 2017, www.census.gov/programs- 26. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Annual
“The Price of Jails.” surveys/apes/data/ datasetsta- Survey of Jails, 2017 Codebook”
11. Ibid.; The Pew Charitable Trusts, bles/2017.html. The Census Bureau (Inter-University Consortium
for Political and Social Research,
“Jails: Inadvertent Health Care does not provide more detailed 2019), www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/
Providers” (2018), www.pewtrusts. information on expenditure catego- NACJD/studies/37373#.
org/en/research-and-analysis/ ries, with the exception of correc-
reports/2018/01/jails-inadvertent- tional employment, which includes 27. W.J. Sabol & T.D. Minton, “Jail
health-care-providers. jail staff as well as local community Inmates at Midyear 2007” (Bureau
12. In some jurisdictions, independent supervision officers. of Justice Statistics, 2008), www.bjs.
gov/content/pub/pdf/jim07.pdf;
school districts may be responsible 15. Henrichson, Rinaldi, & Delaney, Zeng, “Jail Inmates in 2017.”
for some or all K-12 education “The Price of Jails.”
expenses; 2,752 counties in the 16. Bureau of Justice Statistics, 28. J. Kang-Brown & R. Subramanian,
Annual Survey of State and Local “Correctional Populations in the “Out of Sight: The Growth of Jails
Government Finances reported United States, 1987” (1989), www. in Rural America” (Vera Institute of
independent school districts in 2017, bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus87. Justice, 2017), www.vera.org/down-
which accounted for almost $523 bil- pdf; Bureau of Justice Statistics, loads/publications/out-of-sight-
lion in K-12 expenditures. “Correctional Populations in the growth-of-jails-rural-america.pdf.
13. Although it is unclear from the United States, 1997” (2000), www.
data whether these counties with- bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ cpus97.
out jail expenditures are paying pdf.
intergovernmental costs to other
AMERICANJails MAY | JUNE 2021 | 53