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(27) K L Lee et al., ‘Clinical judgment and statistics. Lessons from
a simulated randomized trial in coronary artery disease,’ Circulation 61,
no. 3 (March 1980): 508–15.

(28) On subgroup analysis, I recommend this excellent 2005 re-
view article by Peter Rothwell: Rothwell PM. Subgroup analysis in ran-
domised controlled trials: importance, indications, and interpretation. The
Lancet. 2005;365(9454):176–86. Currently available free online at http://
apps.who.int/rhl/Lancet_365-9454.pdf.

(29) EuropeanCarotidSurgeryTrialists’CollaborativeGroup. Random-
ised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: fi-
nal results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST). Lancet 1998;
351: 1379–87.

(30) The Canadian Cooperative Study Group. A randomised trial of
aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. N Engl J Med 1978; 299:
53–59.

(31) Ioannidis JPA, Karassa FB. The need to consider the wider agenda
in systematic reviews and meta-analyses: breadth, timing, and depth of
the evidence. BMJ. 2010 Sep;341(sep13 1):c4875-c4875.

(32) Hill KP, Ross JS, Egilman DS, Krumholz HM. The ADVAN-
TAGE Seeding Trial: A Review of Internal Documents. Annals of Internal
Medicine. 2008;149(4):251–8.

(33) Sox HC, Rennie D. Seeding Trials: Just Say “No.” Annals of Internal
Medicine. 2008;149(4):279-80.

(34) Krumholz SD, Egilman DS, Ross JS. Study of Neurontin: Titrate to
Effect, Profile of Safety (STEPS) Trial: A Narrative Account of a Gabapentin
Seeding Trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011 Jun 27;171(12):1100–7.

(35) I recommend this book as an introduction to ‘shared decision
making’ (I helped on one chapter): Gigerenzer G, Muir G. Better Doctors,

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