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The Nineteenth Amendment

Ratified in 1920, the 19th amendment finally opened the way to the polls for the women of the US. The
text reads:

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by
any State on account of sex.

Review

• Important antecedents of the US constitutional law include: the Magna Carta, the
democracy of 5th century Athens, and Roman forms of democracy.
• The US is a representative democracy in which the voting public elects representatives
to make political decisions on their behalf.
• The Federalist Papers were a series of articles published to persuade the public to
adopt the Constitution. These writings still serve as an insight into the original intent of the
framers.
• The Bill of Rights comprises the first ten amendments to the US Constitution.
• Key amendments in the expansion of citizen rights include the 13th (outlaws slavery),
the 14th (provides protection for all citizens, regardless of race and gender), and the 19th
(gives women the right to vote).

Recommended Resources

American Government . (Robert A. Heineman, et. al.): McGraw-Hill, 1995.

American Government: Brief Version . (Theodore J. Lowi, et. al.): W.W. Norton & Company, 2002.

American History the Easy Way . (William O. Kellogg): Barrons Educational Series, 2003.

American Pageant: A History of the Republic, The . (Thomas Andrew Bailey, et. al.): Houghton Mifflin
Company College Division, 2001.

American Reader: Words that Moved a Nation,The. (Diane Ravitch): HarperCollins Publishers, 2000.

Economics, Geography, and Reasoning

Economics: The Basics

Lesson Objective

This section will examine some basic ideas about economics, including the concepts of exchange,
supply and demand, overhead, and other key points.

The principle of exchange—of give and take—is central to the development and maintenance of any
economic system. Producers cannot exist without consumers. If every entity within an economy were a
producer, no exchange would exist. If every entity in an economy were a consumer, a dearth of supply
would drive the system into the ground. A functional economic system requires some to produce and
others to consume. Equilibrium of give and take allows economies flourish.