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8.2 May & Might 8.7 Be Able To
We use may + bare infinitive We use be able to to talk about
• to talk about possibility in the future. • ability.
I may take up painting as a hobby next month. I w ill be able to play the guitar tonight.
• for polite requests, (with I and we) • a specific ability in the past. (Could cannot be used here.)
May we borrow your camera? She wasn't able to practise the new dance at the
• for polite permission. weekend.
You may ask me any question you like.
We use m ight + bare infinitive 8.8 Have To
• to talk about possibility in the future. W e use have to to
Sue m ight decide to join a gym soon. • say that something is necessary.
• as the past tense of may. You have to rehearse your part in the play every day.
• talk about obligation.
8.3 Must We have to have some training before we can go
parachuting.
We use must + bare infinitive to
• say that something is necessary.
I must be home at 7 o'clock at the latest. 8.9 Mustn't 8c Don't Have To
• talk about obligations. There is an important difference between mustn't and
You must wear a helmet when riding a motorbike in don't have to. We use mustn't to say that something is not
this country. allowed, whereas we use don't have to to show that there
• show that we are sure that something is true. is no obligation or necessity.
My sister must be nervous about the dance In basketball, players m ustn't kick the ball.
competition. You d o n 't have to play basketball with us this afternoon if
• recommend something. you don't want to.
You really must go and see that play! It was great!
We use mustn't + bare infinitive to talk about something
that is not allowed. Ы ч\+
People m ustn't speak on their mobiles while driving.
9.1 The Passive Voice: Tenses
8.4 Should We use the passive voice when
• the action is more important than who or what is
We use should + bare infinitive to
responsible for it (the agent).
• give advice.
People o f all ages should take some exercise every Two people were injured during the robbery.
• we don't know the agent, or it is not important.
week.
You can use the computer now. It was repaired
• ask for advice.
yesterday.
What should I do about losing weight?
The passive is formed with the verb be and a past
Note: Ought to can also be used to give advice, but it is participle. Notice how the active verb forms change to
not usually used in the question form. passive verb forms.
Tense Active Passive
8.5 Would
Present Simple take/takes am/are/is taken
We use would + bare infinitive for
• actions that we did regularly in the past, but that we Present am/are/is taking am/are/is being taken
don't do now. Continuous
I would always go for a run in the morning before I Past Simple took was/were taken
started work.
Past was/were taking was/were being
• polite requests. Continuous taken
Would you please buy some batteries for my camera?
Present Perfect have/has taken have/has been taken
Simple
8.6 Needn't
Past Perfect had taken had been taken
We use needn't + bare infinitive to say that something is
Simple
not necessary. We don't use it in affirmative sentences.
Future Simple will take will be taken
You needn’t take photos at the party because my brother
is videotaping it.
Note: There is no passive form for Future Continuous,
Note: We can also use need as an ordinary verb. It has Present Perfect Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous.
affirmative, negative and question forms and it is usually We change an active sentence into a passive sentence in
used in the Present Simple and the Past Simple. It is the following way:
followed by a full infinitive.
The object of the verb in the active sentence becomes the
Mary needs to find a new hobby.
subject of the verb in the passive sentence. The verb be
The twins d id n 't need to walk to the cinema because
is used in the same tense of the main verb in the active
their mum took them in the car.
sentence, together with the past participle of the main
Did he need to pay to join the chess club?
verb in the active sentence.
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