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Grammar Reference

11.3 Infinitives Young children love learning/to learn new things.
D on't start running/to run until you hear the whistle.
Active Passive There are other verbs that can be followed by a gerund or
Present (to) send (to) be sent a full infinitive, but the meaning changes. Some common
ones are regret, forget, go on, remember, stop and try.
Perfect (to) have sent (to) have been sent I regret studying French at university. (I studied French,
but now I wish I hadn't.)
The teacher threatened to expel the badly behaved I regret to tell you that I've lost my maths book. (I'm sorry
student. that I have to give you this news.)
Photos can be edited on a computer. Paul fo rg o t m eeting Belinda and walked straight passed
You should have tried harder to pass your exams. her this morning! (He didn't remember that he had met
He should have been awarded a prize. Belinda, and he didn't recognise her when he saw her this
morning.)
11.4 Full Infinitives Paul fo rg ot to revise for his test, and he failed. (Paul didn't
remember he had a test and so he didn't revise for it.)
We form full infinitives with to and the verb. W e use full
infinitives M r Jones w ent on talking about photography for hours!
(He continued to talk about the same thing.)
• to explain purpose.
Mr Jones w ent on to talk about photography. (He had
They went to the library to look up information for
been talking about a different subject, and then started
their project.
talking about a new subject - photography.)
• after adjectives such as afraid, scared, happy, glad, sad, My dad remembers learning Latin at school. (He learnt
etc.
Latin at school and now he remembers learning it.)
Jenny was so happy to pass her exams.
My dad rem em bered to pick me up from school. (He
• after the words too and enough.
remembered first and then came to pick me up from
It was too late to change his mind about his studies.
school.)
His grades weren't good enough for him to go to
I stopped going to karate classes. (I don't go to karate
university.
classes any more.)
We also use full infinitives after certain verbs and phrases. I stopped to do my homework. (I stopped doing
afford fail prepare something else so I could start my homework.)
agree forget pretend If you can't remember things very easily, try making notes
allow hope promise while you read. (You can make notes, but it might not
appear invite refuse help you.)
arrange learn seem If you're doing a test, try to answer all the questions. (You|
ask manage start might not be able to answer them all.)
begin need want
choose offer would like
decide persuade 1 2 -
expect plan
12.1 Ordering Adjectives
The teacher offered to give the weak student some extra
Sometimes more than one adjective is used in front of a
help with maths.
noun:
She was a nice, old woman.
11.5 Bare Infinitives
He has a large, black, leather sofa.
We use bare infinitives after Opinion adjectives
• modal verbs.
You should ask your teacher for advice on your studies. Some adjectives give a general opinion, which describe
• had better to give advice. almost any noun:
You'd b etter be careful when you go mountain He's a nice boy.
climbing. She's a good student.
• would rather to talk about preference. We often use They're wonderful parents.
the word than. However, some adjectives give a specific opinion to
I'd rather stay at home than go out tonight.
describe particular kinds of nouns:
tasty meal, comfortable bed, intelligent child
11.6 Gerund or Infinitive?
Usually a general opinion adjective is placed before a
Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a full infinitive specific noun:
with no change in meaning. Some common verbs are
a nice, tasty meal
begin, bother, continue, hate, like, love and start.
a beautiful, comfortable bed
The students started w ritin g /to w rite the test at 9
a lovely, intelligent child
o'clock.
John failed the test because he didn't bother revising/to When we use two or more adjectives to describe
revise. something or someone, we usually put them in a certain
Mr Cairn continued teaching/to teach until he was 70 order. Notice the correct order.
years old.

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