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Grammar Reference

They are watching us! We are being watched!
Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous
In this example, we do not know who is watching us and it
Continuous
is not very important, so we do not include the word they
in the passive sentence. 'They have been recording She said (that) they had
all day,' she said. been recording all day.
Note: When we want to change a sentence with two Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
objects into the passive voice, one becomes the subject of 'He watched a film on TV,' She said (that) he had
the passive sentence and the other one remains an object.
she said. watched a film on TV.
Which object we choose depends on what we want to
emphasise. If the personal object remains an object in Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
the passive sentence, then we have to use a suitable 'He was reading about She said (that) he had
preposition (to, for, etc). Imiz,' she said. been reading about Imiz.
He gave me a video camera.
I was given a video camera. Other changes in verb forms are as follows:
A video camera was given to me.
can could
1
9.2 By & With
'Jane can play the piano,' She said (that) Jane could
Sometimes it is important to mention the agent (who or she said. play the piano.
what is responsible for the action) in a passive sentence. may might
We use the word by before the agent to do this.
'He may come to the She said (that) he might
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
concert,' she said. come to the concert.
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
must had to
Sometimes we want to mention a tool or material in the
passive sentence. We use the word with to do this. 'He must collect the tickets She said (that) he had to
The window was broken with a rock. later,' she said. collect the tickets later.
The room was painted with a new kind o f paint.
will would
'They will never like opera,' She said (that) they would
9.3 The Passive Voice: Gerunds, Infinitives &
she said. never like opera.
Modals
Note
Tense Active Passive
1 Remember to change pronouns and possessive
Modal can take can be taken adjectives where necessary.
'We are going to form a band,' he said. —> He said
Gerund taking being taken
(that) they were going to form a band.
Bare Infinitive take be taken 'Those are my music magazines,' she said. —» She said
Full Infinitive to take to be taken (that) those were her music magazines.
W e can leave out that.
They said that they had seen the film before. -» They
Surveillance cameras should be installed here to prevent
said they had seen the film before.
crimes.
The following tenses and words don't change in
He avoided being recognised by wearing dark glasses.
Reported Speech: Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect
The project had better be finished by tomorrow.
Continuous, would, could, might, should, ought to,
The battery needs to be recharged.
used to, had better, mustn't and must when they refer
to deduction.
W m - h \ 0
10.2 Say & Tell
10.1 Reported Speech: Statements
W e often use the verbs say and tell in reported speech.
When we report direct speech, the tenses used by the W e follow tell with an object.
speaker usually change as follows: Julia said they would love her new single.
Julia told her friends they would love her new single.
Present Simple Past Simple
10.3 Reported Speech: Change in time & place
'He likes hip-hop,' she said. She said (that) he liked
hip hop.
1 When we report direct speech, there are often changes in
Present Continuous Past Continuous words that show time and place too.
'He is listening to his new She said (that) he was
CD,' she said. listening to his new CD.
'I'm playing the guitar She said she was playing
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple now,' she said. the guitar then.
They have bought a new She said (that) they had today that day
CD,' she said. bought a new CD.
'We're going to the He said they were going
theatre today,' he said. the theatre that day.