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CHAPTER II

Basic Research and Statistics

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Know basic research and statistics
2. Differentiate Complete Block Design from Incomplete Block Design
3. Explain by means of a table how ANOVA identify and measures the
sources of variations in the experiment
4. Discuss the requirements for a valid experiment.

Research

Malolos (1979) defined as a process of scientific thinking that leads to
the discovery or establishment of new knowledge or truth. It is not a subjective
expression of ideas or opinion.
Good (1956) defined as ideally critical, the careful, unbiased
investigation of a problem, based insofar as possible, upon demonstrable facts
and involving refined distinctions, interpretations and usually some
generalizations.
Crawford (1946) defined it as simply a systematic and refined technique
of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures in order
to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem than would be possible under
ordinary means. It starts with a problem, collects data or facts, analyzes these
critically, and reaches decisions based on actual evidence. It involves original
work instead of a mere exercise of personal opinion. It evolves from a genuine
desire to know rather than a desire to prove something. It is quantitative,
seeking to know not only what but how much, and measurement is therefore
a central feature of it.
Parel (1973) defined it as a systematic study or investigation of
something for the purpose of answering questions posed by the researcher.

Research Process
1. Identify the problem area.
2. Survey the literature related to it.
3. Define the actual problems for investigation in clear, specific terms.
4. Formulate testable hypotheses and define the basic concepts and
variables.
5. State the underlying assumptions, which govern the interpretation
of results.
6. Construct the research design to maximize internal and external
validity.
a. Selection of subjects.
b. Control and manipulation of variables.
c. Establishment of criteria to evaluate outcomes.