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Copernic and Galileo proved that the earth is a small sphere revolving around the

sun in an ‘infinite universe’. This discovery brought the first inquiries in the modern
world. The views of the church on the universe and humanity no longer satisfy the

public. The leading philosophers and scientists of the time such as Galielo,
Descartes, Newton, Copernicus carried out a new scientific revolution in
understanding the universe. The encyclopedias firstly punished and the knowledge

began to circulate:

Jan Matejko, Astronomer Copernicus. 1873

Galileo

Nicolaus Copernicus's Jean-Jacques Rousseau
radical Heliocentric model Robert Boyle’s air pump
Robert Boyle
Andreas Vesalius, De humani
corporis fabrica, 1543, p. 174: exctract from Bertrand Russell, History of western philosophy
Social Contract by Rousseau

Reading of Voltaire's tragedy of the Orphan of China in the salon of
Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, by Lemonnier