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Empirical Value for Soil                                                                                                          Empirical Value for Soil


                     Cohesive Soil (Clay)                                                                                                                  Description           Very         Loose         Medium          Dense          Very

                            SPT N              Undrained Shear          Consistency                                                                                              Loose                                                    Dense
                        (Blows/300mm)         Strength , C  (kPA)                                                                                          SPT (N)                ˂  4        4 - 10         10-30          30-50          >50
                                                         u


                             0-2                      10                  Very Soft                                                                        Relative              ˂  0.2      0.2 – 0.4      0.4-0.6         0.6-0.8        >0.8
                                                                                                                                                           Density, D
                             2 – 4                 10 – 25                  Soft                                                                                     r
                                                                                                                                                           Bulk Density         11 – 16      14 – 18         17-20          17-22         20-23
                             4 – 8                 25 – 50                Medium                                                                           (KN/m )
                                                                                                                                                                 3
                            8 – 15                 50 – 100                 Stiff
                           15 – 30                100 – 200               Very Stiff      After TERZAGHI and                                               DS Cone Re            ˂  20       20 – 40        40-120         120-200        >200
                                                                                                                                                                  2
                             > 30                   > 200                   Hard          PECK (1953)                                                      (kg/cm  )
                                                                                                                                                           Meyerhof,            ˂  30˚      30˚ - 35˚      35˚ - 40˚      40˚ -  45˚     ˃ 45˚

                       Non Cohesive Soil (Sand)
                                                                                                                                                           Peck,                ˂  29˚      29˚ - 30˚      30˚ - 36˚      36˚ -  41˚     ˃ 41˚
                            SPT N          Internal Friction Angle,   Relative Density
                       (Blows/300 mm)                
                                                                                                                                                               Table 2: Empirical Value of , D  & Bulk Density of Granular Soil From SPT
                                                                                                                                                                                         r
                              4                      30                 Very Loose

                            4 – 10                30 – 35                 Loose                                                                                Notes:
                                                                                                                                                               - Meyerholf,  – lower limit for uniform clean sands and upper limit range for well-
                            10 – 30               35 – 40             Medium Dense                                                                             graded sands. For silty sand,  should be reduced by 5˚
                                                                                                                                                               - SPT (N’) corrected for depth and for fine saturated sands
                            30 – 50               40 – 45                 Dense                                                                                - N’ = 15 + ½ (N – 15) if N ˃ 15 and the sand is very fine or silty and saturated.
                                                                                           After KAROL                                                         (Terzaghi)
                             > 50                    45                Very Dense          (1960)                                                              - DS Cone Re = Deep Sounding Cone Resistance Value.


                       Table 1: Relationship between N-Value with Consistency or Relative Density of the Soils


       8   PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT MALAYSIA                                                                                                                                                                                      GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK  9
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