Page 197 - Transformasi Masyarakat Indonesia dan Historiografi Indonesia Modern

Djoko Suryo

who mostly consist of the nine Wali, included Sunan Kudus, while
the second was accused of the pantheistic heresy or those who in
the later was classified as a deviant from the Shari ‘ a. The contro-
versies between the both arose the traditions concerning the sup-
posed martyrdom of teachers who spread the pantheistic doctrine.
Seh Siti Jenar and Pangeran Panggung in the Demak era, Ki Cabolek
and Seh Amongraga in the Kartasura era were executed for mysti-
cal beliefs considered as heterodoxy by their authorities of their
21
times. Suluk literature in this case played in articulating the basic
opposition between the both groups.
Thus, from above discussion we can identify that there are
two important Muslim schools of thinking which were predomi-
nate in the Javanese Muslim community in the sixteenth and
eighteenth centuries, the orthodox and the heterodox. Tensions
and controversies between the both pictured out of the dy-
namic of the social and cultural life within the Javanese society
in facing the great transformation in the period.

3. The Muslim Intellectuals in the Nineteenth Century: the
Pesantren and the Reformist Movement in Indonesia

The nineteenth century in Indonesia was marked by the
profound transformation period from traditional to colonial
societies as consequence of the penetration of the Western politi-
cal and economic system brought about by the Dutch Colonial
government. Since the beginning of the nineteenth century
Indonesia had fallen into the hand of The Royal Dutch King-
dom in Netherlands after the VOC (Vereenigde Oost Indische
Compagnie - The Dutch East Indian Company), the former
authority, fell into bankrupt. The deep expansion of the Dutch
political power to the Indonesian areas had brought about the

21 This tradition are described in Soebardi, “Santri-Religious Ele-
ment as Reflected in the Book of Tjentini”, BKI, 127, no. 3 (1971), pp. 346 –
348.

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