Page 296 - Essencials of Sociology

Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 269

FIGURE 9.3 Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations: A Continuum

INHUMANITY HUMANITY

REJECTION ACCEPTANCE

Population Internal Multiculturalism
Genocide Transfer Colonialism Segregation Assimilation (Pluralism)
The dominant The dominant The dominant The dominant The dominant The dominant
group tries to group expels the group exploits group structures group absorbs group encourages
destroy the minority group the minority group the social institu- the minority group racial and ethnic
minority group (e.g., Native (e.g., low-paid, tions to maintain (e.g., American variation; when
(e.g., Germany Americans forced menial work) minimal contact Czechoslovakians) successful, there
and Rwanda) onto reservations) with the minority is no longer a
group (e.g., the dominant group
U.S. South before (e.g., Switzerland)
the 1960s)

Source: By the author.

about 95 percent of Native Americans died (Thornton 1987; Schaefer 2012). Ordinary,
“good” people were intent on destroying the “savages.”
Now consider last century’s two most notorious examples of genocide. In Germany
during the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to destroy all Jews. In the
1990s, in Rwanda, the Hutus tried to destroy all Tutsis. One of the horrifying aspects
of these two slaughters is that the killers did not crawl out from under a rock someplace.
In some cases, it was even the victims’ neighbors and friends who did the killing. Their
killing was facilitated by labels that marked the victims as enemies who deserved to die
(Huttenbach 1991; Browning 1993; Gross 2001).
In Sum: Labels are powerful; dehumanizing ones are even more so. They help people
to compartmentalize—to separate their acts of cruelty from their sense of being good
and decent people. To regard members of some group as inferior opens the door to
treating them inhumanely. In some cases, these labels help people to kill—and to still
retain a good self-concept (Bernard et al. 1971). In short, labeling the targeted group as
inferior or even less than fully human facilitates genocide.

Population Transfer
There are two types of population transfer: indirect and direct. Indirect transfer is
achieved by making life so miserable for members of a minority that they leave “volun-
tarily.” Under the bitter conditions of czarist Russia, for example, millions of Jews made
this “choice.” Direct transfer occurs when a dominant group expels a minority. Examples
include the U.S. government relocating Native Americans to reservations and transfer-
ring Americans of Japanese descent to internment camps during World War II.
In the 1990s, a combination of genocide and population transfer occurred in Bosnia
and Kosovo, parts of the former Yugoslavia. A hatred nurtured for centuries had been
kept under wraps by Tito’s iron-fisted rule from 1944 to 1980. After Tito’s death, these compartmentalize to separate
suppressed, smoldering hostilities soared to the surface, and Yugoslavia split into warring acts from feelings or attitudes
factions. When the Serbs gained power, Muslims rebelled and began guerilla warfare. population transfer the forced
The Serbs vented their hatred by what they termed ethnic cleansing: They terrorized transfer of a minority group
villages with killing and rape, forcing survivors to flee in fear. ethnic cleansing a policy of elimi-
nating a population; includes forc-
Internal Colonialism ible expulsion and genocide
In Chapter 7, the term colonialism was used to refer to one way that the Most Indus- internal colonialism the policy
trialized Nations exploit the Least Industrialized Nations (page 216). Conflict theorists of exploiting minority groups for
use the term internal colonialism to describe how a country’s dominant group exploits economic gain