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The fortress of Tolucco, the Maranao rulers to remain firm in dwellings for scholars, thinkers and remembered. The tradition of kings
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which was a Portuguese their opposition against the Spanish. authors of religious texts. Ibn Battuta’s being surrounded by scholars would
stronghold during the He was also a defender of and fighter report about Samudra Pasai and Tome continue, although later on religious
attack against Ternate. for Islam. A contemporary Spanish Pires’ testimony about the ruler-traders life had become bureaucratized. This
It was built by Fransisco report says that Sultan Qudarat was who were surrounded by mullahs are was a reasonable thing, said the Tajus
Serão in 1540. highly respected by his people who paid evidence that this was common in Salatin (quoting the Sifat as-Salatin
him homage as if he were Muhammad Islamic kingdoms. Not only Iskandar as its source), “let the king always be
Source: Directorate of
History and Cultural himself. The reason was that he was a Thani and his empress who later longing for companions who are people
Values, Ministry of Moro who was very brave, intelligent, became his successor, Sultanah Tajul of knowledge and who are adamant
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Education and Culture and highly capable, in addition to faithful Alam Safiatudin, saw how also scholars to do religious work”. Because it was
of the Republic of to “his cursed religion”, and also the one competed for a place in the palace in in this way a just situation could be
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Indonesia, 2013. who was always followed by success. order to advance their religious beliefs. achieved and finally cosmic unity could
So, it is not surprising that the king was Even Sultan Agung experienced this. be realized.
very concerned about any successful Sultan Agung was very much upset by However, the historical dynamics related
attempts of the Spanish that attracted the criticisms launched by scholars from to this natural necessity resulted in
Muslims to Catholicism. But, it seems, Tembayat, but how close he was with structural diversity and even in different
also because of his Islamic politics, his advisers. According to Dutch reports, political traditions in each kingdom. This
Manguindanao policies were aimed at the scholar who was most familiar with only became evident when the formation
attracting foreigners to settle, to marry Sultan Agung was “Kalifagypan” (maybe of this ideal had entered the historical
local girls and to convert to Islam. “Many his correct name was Haji Fachrudin). arena --in fields that combined ideal
slaves who have fled stay here”, said He, the report said, was a man of desire with structural necessity. At that
a Dutch report, “and many Chinese manners. Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa point a choice had to be made. At that
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had converted to Islam and been given was reportedly also to have often moment a constellation of power had to
wives by the Sultan (Sultan Baharaman, been surrounded by a congregation of be determined and its ideological basis
the successor of Qudarat), because scholars. Foreign reports mention many had to be formulated. In other words, the
everyone who comes here is received scholars who came from the Middle East, process of the formation of the political
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with open arms”. 79 through Surat, to Bantan. Of course, and power tradition had sbegan. We can
the loyality of Sheikh Yusuf of Gowa’s
Most of these exemplary kings were also loyalty when he joined Sultan Ageng in thus also say that a structural difference
thinkers and the protectors of religious his fight against the VOC was always came up between one centers of power
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knowledge and merciful providers of with the other centers.
77. Majul, 139. 80. de Graaf, 1986: 106-7,120. 83. Khalid’s edition, 1966: 75.
78. Quoted in Mastura, 1984: 32-33. 81. Schrieke, 1956 II: 241-242.
79. Laarhoven, 1987. 82. Tjandrasasmita, 1967.

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