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External analysis – economic factors




               3.2   Factors affecting PED

                    Substitutes                 availability of substitutes  more elastic

                    Necessity or habit          necessity or habit  less elastic


                    Time frames                 More inelastic in the short term

                    Loyalty/brand strength      customer loyalty  less elastic

                    Proportion of income        less elastic if a small proportion of one’s total income

                    Definition of the market    Wide definition  fewer alternatives  less elastic






























































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