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THE EMPOWERED NURSE

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interview-based research interaction, which is a
brief discussion format and happens outside of the
!"7$2"& participant’s environment.
0*6<)"8& C,<8$' '6& There are several techniques that can be used
A2+)$4"&+23&$2'"*0*"'& D6,*2+) to analyze qualitative data. Content analysis is fre-
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.6("1$#"&76*8 quently used and “counts” the times a word, con-
5(61"&.62."0',+)& cept, or behavior is captured within the data. The
7*+8"%6*9&:& first step of analysis is to search the data for recur-
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@+)$3+'"&'("& these. The second step in analysis is accomplished
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by at least two people looking at the data independ-
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are then grouped together to form categories. The
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=6.,1&>*6,0& 6*;+2$4"3&$2&& are then measured. Inductive analysis is another
form of analysis for qualitative data. This is based on
inductive reasoning. Researchers using this type of
analysis begin with answers and formulate ques-
Flowchart for Qualitative Research, Elizabeth Card (copyright 2016) tions throughout the research process. Non-direc-
tive interviewing may be utilized as a
Health Studies. The project began in 1976 funded by National non-judgmental approach as this avoids the use of leading ques-
Institutes of Health and is the largest, longest-running investiga- tions. Some qualitative researchers use a form of in-depth inter-
tions of health and wellness with over 280,000 nurse participants view with three participants who may or may not know one
resulting in over 1,200 publications. The new knowledge gener- another, known as a triad. Triad interviews offer the advantages of
ated from this project contributed to the U.S. dietary guidelines group discussions, as well as the understanding garnered from in-
and the prevention recommendations by the American Cancer depth interviews. Triad participants are recruited to form a ho-
Association, American Heart Association and the World Health mogenous group or alternatively selected to create a degree of
Organization (NHS3.org, nd). A second cohort was started in different experiences. There are multiple resources at Vanderbilt
1989 and the third cohort in 2010 is still enrolling. Nurses can for qualitative research projects. The website for the qualitative
still join as research participants by going to the study’s website core is www.vumc.org/hsr/qualitative-research-core.
at www.nhs3.org/join/.
Qualitative researchers may choose photographs, videos,
and discovery-oriented immersion to collect qualitative research
data. An ethnographer focuses their research on a specific cul-
ture and their customs in a holistic fashion searching for shared
meanings and semantic rules ( Polit & Beck, 2012, p490). An-
thropologists are a good example of this type of researcher.
These researchers spend hours, even weeks observing and inter-
Elizabeth Card, MSN, APRN, FNP-BC, CPAN, CCRP, FASPAN
acting with the participants during their everyday lives. This pro- VUMC Nursing Research Consultant
duces a very rich understanding and is in strong contrast to the elizabeth.b.card@vumc.org