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READY FOR GRAMMAR

2 P a s t f o r m s
1 Unfulfilled past actions 3 Unexpected or annoying past actions
The following structures can be used with both the past The past continuous, when it is used with adverbs or
simple and the past perfect for intended actions that did phrases like constantly, always, continually, all the time ,
not take place: every day, etc., can be used to describe repeated past
actions that you did not expect or you found annoying.
• be supposed to is used to describe an action that had
been intended but did not happen. They were continually cancelling trains as the strikes
were extended.
The speaker was supposed to give practical advice
for young musicians, but she focused on something When I was a kid, my mum was always telling me to take
entirely different. my elbows off the table.
be going to and be about to are used for actions that
•
4 Sequential and non-sequential past actions
were interrupted or were no longer necessary.
In subordinate clauses with time expressions (e.g. after, as
He was going to / was about to open the front door
soon as, before, by the time, once, etc., both past simple
when the phone rang.
and past perfect are possible, with no change to the
I had been going to / was about to send her a
sequence of the events they describe. The subordinate
message to check where she was, but then she arrived.
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clause can come before or after the main clause, with no
• be due to or be to are used in formal English to describe change to the sequence of events.
scheduled or timetabled events that are no longer
They started playing as soon as it stopped raining.
necessary.
As soon as it (had) stopped raining, they started playing.
Before the hurricane hit, the President had been due to
In such cases, the past perfect adds an element of
meet her German counterpart.
‘because’ (i.e. they started playing after and because it
The conference was to be held in Tokyo but then it was
had stopped raining / They couldn’t play earlier because it
called off.
was still raining).
• the past perfect equivalent of be to uses the perfect
5 Past habitual actions or states
infinitive of the main verb.
Both would + infinitive and used to + infinitive can be used
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to describe past habitual actions.
before the end of the summit but one country would
My aunt used to send me to the shops to run errands for
not agree.
her. She would always let me keep any leftover change.
2 Forward-looking verbs in past tenses for
However, to describe past states only used to + infinitive
unfulfilled past plans and polite or tentative
or the past simple are possible.
suggestions
He used to have a toy kitchen when he was a child.
Verbs such as aim, hope, expect, intend, mean, plan, think,
He had a toy kitchen when he was a child.
etc. can be used:
He would have a toy kitchen when he was a child.
• to describe plans and actions that did not actually take
It is possible to use the negative form used not to +
place.
infinitive, instead of didn’t use to + infinitive. NB this is
What kind of feedback had your employees been
very formal and considered old-fashioned.
expecting to receive?
In days gone by, the idea that it is worse to do wrong than
He had meant to leave before it got dark.
to suffer used not to be met with blank incomprehension
To make a polite suggestion for a present or future
•
and incredulity.
situation, use a past tense.
In a narrative, we can add background with as + subject +
We thought we could stop by later, if you’re around.
used to + infinitive, often to focus on something unusual.
We were hoping to meet up this summer, if you’re
He was promoted to Sub-Assistant Commissary-General,
interested.
a post for which, as he used to say , he was eminently
Verbs, such as hope to, plan to and think of can be
•
unqualified.
used with the past continuous to talk about future
possibilities. The use of the past tense instead of the
present shows that the plan or prediction are more
tentative.
I was thinking of taking a sabbatical and travelling
around Greece.
I was planning to go to the shopping centre this
weekend to get a outfit for the wedding.
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