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05.09.2024, 22:54 Ready for C2 Proficiency Student's Book Classroom Presentation

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READY FOR GRAMMAR

6 C o n d i t i o n a l c l a u s e s
A The following structures can be used in place of if in B The following conditional structures can be used to
conditional clauses. explain alternative outcomes, express regret, and make
predictions or requests. We can use:
1 To express necessary conditions with past, present or
future reference, we can use so long as, provided that, If it wasn’t / weren’t / hadn’t been + for + noun phrase.
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on provision that, on (the) condition that + clause. to explain what particular thing or event prevents a
situation from being different.
We agree to the contract terms on condition that we
extend the project by one month should any unforeseen If it weren’t for the support of my line manager,
circumstances arise. I wouldn’t have applied for the job.
2 To express that a situation is really possible, we use in Rose would probably still be a footballer if it hadn’t
case of + noun or noun phrase. been for the injury.
In case of a malfunction, please do not attempt to fix This can also be expressed with but for + noun or
the photocopier; contact the engineer. noun phrase.
3 To express possible conditions with present or future The performance would have been a resounding
reference, we can use in the event that + clause and in success but for the power cut during the final act.
the event of + noun.
If + subject + were + to + infinitive to make formal
2
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In the event that the central electrical system fails, predictions.
power will be restored through the use of generators.
If it were to take off , the design could be one of our
In the event of a failure to the central electrical system, most profitable.
power will be restored through the use of generators.
3 If + clause + shall + clause to refer to the future.
4 To express imaginary conditions with past, present
We shall soon feel the effects of the energy crisis if the
or future reference we can use suppose, supposing,
government does not provide subsidies.
provided (that), imagine, what if, in case + clause.
A variety of phrases introduced by if clauses, e.g. If it
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What if we provided additional resourcing, would that
isn’t / wouldn’t be too much trouble, If you wouldn’t
help meet the deadline?
mind, If you will / would be so kind + clause to make
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one later.
If it isn’t too much trouble, could we rearrange our
5 To express unexpected or unlikely conditions, we can upcoming appointment for later in the month?
use even if + clause. The phrase it’s doubtful whether /
To express regret, we can use the structure If only +
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that can be used instead of a negative verb form for
past perfect.
emphasis.
If only I hadn’t spent that money, we’d be able to go
We wouldn’t make it to the airport on time, even if we
away this summer.
took a taxi.
C Mixed conditionals
It’s doubtful whether we would make it to the airport
1 The most common types of mixed conditionals are used:
on time, even if we took a taxi.
• to speculate about how a different situation in the
6 To express a lack of importance of an outcome, we can
past could have affected the present.
use whether or not + clause, regardless of whether +
If I had gone to the party last night, I would be
clause.
completely exhausted now.
I’d accept that job, whether or not my boss offered me
• to speculate about how changes to a present
a promotion.
situation might have influenced the past.
They’d definitely go to see that play, regardless of
If I weren’t working in the office today, we could
whether the critics slam it.
have met for lunch.
Whether or not can also be used to express the idea of
We can also use mixed conditionals:
choice. This is used in very formal contexts.
• to speculate about how a different present / past
Whether or not to take out a bank loan in the current
situation might affect the future.
climate is difficult to say.
If he was one of the directors at the company, he
would be travelling to Japan this weekend.
If he had taken the director role, he would be
travelling to Japan this weekend.
• to speculate about how a different situation in the
future might affect the past/present.
If I was playing in the match next week, I would be
at training right now.
If I was playing in the match next week, I would
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have gone to training last night .
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