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05.09.2024, 22:53 Ready for C2 Proficiency Student's Book Classroom Presentation

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READY FOR GRAMMAR

4 N o u n p h r a s e s a n d n o m i n a l c l a u s e s
4 Subjects introduced by singular quantifiers, e.g. (more
A Types of nouns
than ) one of , the number of, neither/either take a
1 Some nouns can have countable (C) and uncountable
singular verb form, even if the subject has a plural
(U) forms which have similar meanings (e.g. business,
meaning.
cinema, delight, injustice). Others can have countable
(C) and uncountable (U) forms with different meanings There are two posts available, but neither (of them)
( heat, jam, production , quality, strength , toast, trust).
interests me.
The children opted to put the family estate in a trust. (C) Fractions or percentages can take a singular or plural
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verb depending on the word that follows them.
Their business dealings remained informal, based on
mutual trust and respect. (U)
Two-thirds of the students are on a field trip.
NB some uncountable nouns in English refer to things
Two-thirds of the class was wasted due to a fire alarm.
that are countable in other languages, e.g. advice,
Indefinite pronouns ( somebody, anybody, no one, etc.)
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knowledge, luggage, machinery, news, research.
always take a singular verb,
Some nouns look plural but they are in fact
2
Everybody has finished eating dessert.
uncountable, e.g. aerobics, athletics , billiards ,
economics, measles, physics. C Nominalisation
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Billiards is renowned for its sportsmanship. Nominalisation, the process of turning verbs or adjectives
into nouns, is a common feature of formal writing. It can
Some nouns have the same form in both singular
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make the text sound more objective and academic.
and plural, e.g. aircraft, crossroads, corps, insignia ,
Although the equipment was unstable, the research staff
offspring, salmon, shellfish, species, trout, (TV) series.
was still able to complete the trials.
Some female bees remain with the nest after their
offspring have hatched. The instability of the equipment did not preclude the
completion of the trials.
One of Berlin’s famous furry babies has found a new
home in Eberswalde Zoo. • Some multi-word verbs can be nominalised.
Budget talks broke down over the issue of using
4 Some nouns have no singular form and are always used
discretionary funds to repair roads.
in the plural, e.g. binoculars, belongings , headphones, https://english0905.com/private/
earnings, outskirts, premises , pyjamas , savings,
Disagreement about using discretionary funds to repair
scissors, surroundings, tights , tweezers.
roads led to a breakdown in talks.
He isn’t carrying much luggage because most of his
• Adverbs change to adjectives when the verbs they
belongings have been sent ahead by sea.
modify are nominalised.
5 Some collective nouns can be either plural or singular,
I do remember a prominent columnist bitterly
depending on whether the speaker or writer considers
complaining about this issue.
them to be a group of individuals or a single unit,
I do remember reading bitter complaints about this
e.g. audience , committee , company, crew, enemy ,
issue by a prominent columnist.
government, public , team .
NB If overused, nominalisation can create unclear writing.
The government is / are hoping to implement a fiscal
Generally speaking, it is easier to understand ideas
stimulus package.
expressed in verbs.
6 The possessive ’s can be used to ellipt a noun.
D Adding information to noun phrases
He asked whose pen it was and I said it was Sara’s.
• Namely and that is are used to add information to noun
B Subject–verb agreement
phrases.
When determining the subject of a sentence, disregard
1
The interview showed off the star’s best qualities,
information contained in relative clauses, brackets,
namely her quick wit and perfect comedic timing.
or after phrases such as together with , as well as, in
She will become our community manager; that is, she’ll
addition to and along with.
manage the company’s presence on social media.
The first author as well as the last three authors has
• Appositive noun phrases provide information that
signed off on the final proofs of the journal article.
further identifies, clarifies or defines another noun.
Two subjects connected by and generally take a plural
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Note that appositives are set off with commas if they
verb – unless the writer is thinking of them as just one
are ‘restrictive’, meaning the sentence would still make
idea instead of two.
sense without them.
Getting my paper accepted in Nature and seeing it in
The tall clown, the one with the shiny purple shoes , is
black and white was/were the highlight/s of my career.
my big brother.
When two or more subjects are joined by or / nor, the
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verb agrees with the closest subject.
Either the students or the teacher has to give in.
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Either the teacher or the students have to give in.
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