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READY FOR GRAMMAR

3 will , shall a n d would
will I shall discuss the matter with him and see if we can
get some kind of resolution.
Will / won’t is used to make predictions about the
1
present or future, based on knowledge, experience or 2 Shall can be used instead of will to talk about future
expectations. intentions or make predictions, but this is less common.
She’s in Turkey. Hopefully she has warm clothes In the coming months, the firm shall / will continue to
because at this time of year it will be a bit chilly. grow its online presence.
Will have + past participle is used to make predictions In formal writing, such as in legal documents, shall is
2 3
about the past. often used to refer to obligations or duties.
We can’t go and see them now – they will have gone out. The customer shall be responsible for the maintenance
of the vehicle. (in a legal document)
3 Will is often used to talk about willingness,
unwillingness and refusal. Shall is still used in a number of fixed expressions and
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idioms based on old speech patterns.
Will you get the door?
Seek and ye shall find; never the twain shall meet; this
4 Will can be used to make instructions or requests
too shall pass, etc.
sound more polite and less direct.
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NB Shall is rarely used is American English.
I’ll have to ask you to take a seat and wait to be seen.
In spoken English, sentences with extra stress placed Would
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on will can be used to criticise the way people behave.
1 We can use would not (but not would) for a refusal on
Well, if you will keep saying that to his face …
a single occasion in the past.
Shall The driver wouldn’t let me on because it was packed.
The informal expression would you believe (it ) is used
2
Shall is used to make offers or suggestions.
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to show surprise and annoyance.
Shall I fix you a sandwich?
And, would you believe, she didn’t even say sorry!
It is also used to express determination.
4 Modal verbs 1 https://english0905.com/private/
1 Modals in rhetorical questions: • Shouldn’t and oughtn’t to are used to give advice.
Can is used to reflect on things in rhetorical questions. We ought not / oughtn’t to buy this product as it is so
•
harmful to the environment.
How can the deal go ahead if both parties are still at
loggerheads? 4 Modals for obligation and lack of obligation:
• In formal discussions, the question form of need can be • Have to + -ed is used to express obligation in the past.
used rhetorically.
In those days, you had to have graduated from a top
Need I say more? university to get a job at the firm.
Rhetorical questions with ought + subject + ( not) to + • Needn’t have + -ed is used to refer to past events the
verb are also possible. speaker considers unnecessary.
Ought we to worry about microplastics in our seas? You needn’t have waited for me.
Ought we not to create a timetable for the meeting? • Shouldn’t have is used in spoken English to be polite
and show appreciation when you receive a gift.
Modals for criticism:
2
Oh sweetheart, you shouldn’t have!
• Can’t and must are used in questions for reproaches
and criticisms. Other uses of modals:
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Must you keep playing that terrible music? • May (but not might ) is used to express wishes and
hopes in a formal way.
Could and might are used to criticise. Should and ought
•
to put an emphasis on an unfulfilled obligation. May this year bring you all your heart desires.
You could / might have asked before borrowing my car. • Might is used in the phrase try as (she) might for
emphasis.
You should / ought to have told him Jakob was coming.
Try as we might , we couldn’t open the jar.
Modals for judgement and advice:
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• Can / could + always implies if there is nothing better .
• Should (but not ought to) can express personal
judgements and reactions in a formal way, particularly What are we going to eat? Well, we can / could always
for facts which have already been mentioned. just warm up that leftover soup.
It’s surprising she should say that to you. • Should and ought to are used to talk about logical
probability.
I bought three loaves, which should / ought to be
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enough.
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